intramuscular injection sites in dogs and cats

Use of a fine needle minimizes discomfort. For this reason, most medications given at home are designed to be administered subcutaneously. These intramuscular injections are usually on the neck, chest, glute, or hind leg, though it may differ depending on the animal, there are fewer pain receptors is muscle tissues making it an ideal site for more irritating or viscous medications. Verify and double check everything. Previous: Approach to Pet and Owner and Basic Pet Handling/Restraint Next: SQ injections Syringe Handling 1 ml and Practice Technique Using 2 Pieces of Tape, 9. Always ask your vet for more help if you're not comfortable administering injections and they will be happy to provide more training. Single surgeon 4 quarter/corner drape, large paper drape, Ioban adhesive skin protector, 30. A simple serologic assay such as ELISA will provide this differentiation and enable eradication to proceed in the presence of vaccination. Introduction-what exactly is a clinical skill? The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more , parainfluenza 3 virus Parainfluenza-3 Virus Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA(known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is dedicated to using the power of leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. This helps disperse the drug and decrease the likelihood of the injection site being damaged. Massage will increase circulation and help the body heal itself. supplies, Pet Nail Trimmers and Blood Stop Products, guide to the different types of needles and syringes, over-the-counter syringes and needles of all sizes, 5 Important Tips for Keeping Pets Safe From Coronavirus, 2020 Guide to the Best Dog and Cat Dewormer, Your Guide On How To Treat Eye Infections In Dogs, 5 Common Mistakes to Avoid When Giving Insulin to Your Pet, Fish Doxycycline: Antibiotics for Your Aquatic Amigo, What to Know About Administering Injections to Animals, Syringes and Needle Types Uses and Safe Disposal. Once the area is ready, hold the syringe with your dominant hand. Owners are not often called upon to give intramuscular injections but they may be asked to hold their pet while it receives one. A positive action for insertion of needles into muscles reduces muscle damage and pain and massaging the site after injection disperses the injection and may help to reduce pain. Only naturally infected animals will have antibodies to that antigen. In fact, it can lead to infection. Feline Ovariohysterectomy Student Study Guide, Assessment Rubric and DETAILED STEPS, 28. In this lab, we will examine the epaxial muscles as an IM injection site. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Veterinary Clinical Skills Compendium Copyright by Susan Spence. The vast majority of equine vaccines are administered by intramuscular (IM) injection, and a few are administered . When it comes to administering medications to dogs, where is the best site for an IM injection? Most cats won't need this step unless they are suffering from a compromised immune system. 0000001543 00000 n The veterinarians instructions or the label on the container will tell you the volume of medication that needs to be injected. Such symptoms usually go away after a week or so once the swelling and soreness around the area have subsided. 0000012017 00000 n When you find the right spot, always clean it before the injection and clean the top of the bottle with the solution as well. Vaccinations for dogs can be scary, so its best to take your time and follow the instructions of your veterinarian. Injectable medications can be given intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. Adequan is given via intramuscular injection (IM) only - meaning that it should be injected into the muscle, not under the skin. tissue under the skin (subcutaneous injection), body cavities, i.e. . ixb#Fw&*mvcDS%;.&VYWT@_DEvYNx Types of Injections Subcutaneous Injections for Dogs and Cats; 0000025892 00000 n Our massive online inventory is filled with over-the-counter syringes and needles of all sizes, as well as a wide variety of medications. Keep reading to find out more! Dog Restraint for Lateral Saphenous Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 17. To give the injection, create a small pocket of skin behind your dogs shoulders. The following may help you make your decision. Under some circumstances this may result in significantly improved vaccine effectiveness. 0 In contrast, material injected into the lumbar area and cranial region of the thigh was located entirely in the muscle bellies. Standard size needles recommended are 18 to 20-gauge needle from 1 to 1.5 inches long. Youre going to need a syringe to give an intramuscular injection to your dog. Click here to download and print this table. Nebulised drugs can be delivered via a face mask although many conscious patients will not tolerate a face mask, so a special nebulisation chamber is often required. If the injections are frequent, like for insulin shots, try not to use the same spot each time. If you decide to provide this treatment to your dog, your veterinarian will review the specific technique and make sure that you are comfortable with it. /68,sPeahX CmWG\ "}6\F2Of" If you are unsure that your pet received the full amount of the injection, contact your veterinary hospital for instructions. Then thoroughly wash your finger with soap and water for 5 minutes, preferably using a soft nail brush on the affected area. Intramuscular injections are more painful than subcutaneous ones. Appropriate sites for intramuscular injection are: The hamstrings (muscles at the back of the thigh) should generally be avoided due to the possibility of damage to the important sciatic nerve that runs in this area. o [alopecia OR hair loss ], , BVMS, BSc, PhD, DSc (Hons), DACVM, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University. 0000009951 00000 n An alternative site and technique are suggested to ensure a more reliable effect when an intramuscular injection is indicated. Optional (or non-core) vaccines protect animals against sporadic, mild, or uncommon diseases and should only be used when circumstances warrant and when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks involved. Gently and quickly push the needle into the muscle at a 90 degree angle. The immune system has evolved to respond to complex organisms and multiple simultaneous challenges. If you are absolutely sure the cat received no drug, it is safe to repeat the injection. If you are not experienced in administering intramuscular injections, your veterinarian can answer all of your questions and help you understand how to safely give the injection. Log in 24/7 to access your pets health care information. 0000029283 00000 n If you accidentally give your dog an injection, dont give it a second time! The vet may also be able to mimic the injection. Your veterinarian will prescribe the appropriate needles and syringes for your pet's needs. This practice can lead to soreness and can make your pet uncomfortable. 0000019303 00000 n Veterinarians can provide vital medical assistance for pets, but much of the care will still be left to the owner. Drinking water vaccines are increasingly employed in large swine operations. Can this medication be given by this route? 0000030988 00000 n Most pets become accustomed to having the injection and will stay calm and still during the procedure. If this happens, the needle should be removed and the syringe drained. in disney cream cheese pretzel recipe. Some owners prefer not to wear gloves as they feel it is more awkward. This concern is unfounded. This is despite Alfaxan Multidose not currently being licenced in the UK for intramuscular (IM) use. The cranial border of femur marks the most caudal aspect of the quadriceps muscle group. IM injections for canines are generally performed in the thigh muscles on the front of the rear limb or the hamstring muscles on the backside of the rear leg. Administer the contents of the syringe quickly and withdraw the needle. Be sure to look up medication in a veterinary drug formulary to double check indication, dose, side effects and contrary use indications as well as medication incompatibility, drug withholding time for food animals is absolutely vital as well as what drugs are forbidden to use in food animal species, as well as where to inject in food animal species so as not to disrupt or contaminate certain cuts of meat. % In addition, the veterinarian can be sure an animal has received the appropriate dose of vaccine. Intramuscular injections are more painful than subcutaneous ones. Allergies: Atopic Dermatitis (Airborne) in Dogs and Cats. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Animal Welfare Education Tool to Create Syllabus for Animal Welfare Course (AVMA), 34. 0000006940 00000 n Most commonly used in cats but also acceptable for small dogs (the volume is fairly large for IM injection in medium-large dogs) Quick tip: The combination is generally dosed as approximately 0.1-0.2 mL per 4.5 kg (10lb) patient body weight of each drug. A positive action for insertion of needles into muscles reduces muscle damage and pain and massaging the site after injection disperses the injection and may help to reduce pain. Administration of medicine by injection is often referred to as giving drugs by the parenteral route. If the dog experiences any pain during or after the injection, you may want to massage the area to relieve the discomfort. Describe adverse effects of vaccines and vaccination in dogs, cats, and horses; . In cardiac arrest, adrenaline is sometimes administered through the endotracheal tube and absorption via this route is rapid and the technique is much safer than the alternative, intracardiac adrenaline injection. Medicine. hb``Pe``b Y80() B1g=U#"&!acc>5 What are the indications for this medication? 0000030652 00000 n To administer the injection, use a 0.5-inch-long needle. Owners should be made aware that protection can be maintained reliably only when vaccines are used in accordance with the protocol approved by vaccine licensing authorities. There are very few important (or easily damaged) structures under the skin so this is a safe route of medicine administration; it is also usually quite painless. It is easy to penetrate two layers of skin so that the drug ends up on the coat instead of under the skin. Here is some information on administering injections to animals. However, this may not be practical for all clients. 0000019180 00000 n vN4@ -u[bEj'D&dZ}_AXUA^lZhJ&$,kdw$`d1hO4P. Injections in dogs are usually administered via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (IM) route. This approach is known as a prime-boost strategy. Some vaccines may induce immunity that persists for an animal's lifetime. Insulin Syringes Difference between U 100 and U 40 and Emergency Conversion Chart, 54. Dog Restraint For Cephalic Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 18. The injections are given in the subcutaneous tissue (sub = under; cutaneous = skin), which is considerably looser in the dog than in the human. Dog Restraint for Lateral Saphenous Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 17. 4 0 obj Following intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone acetate, a prolonged systemic effect results. Cystocentesis Practice Model and FNA Model, 19. 0000028458 00000 n In dogs, the appropriate sites for intramuscular injections include the quadriceps, lumbodorsal, and triceps muscles. With most pets, the best subcutaneous injection sites are located behind the neck and shoulder blades. 68NFDFI Eventually, most pets will become accustomed to the procedure. for kennel cough in dogs, are given into the nose and the live virus is able to penetrate the lining of the nose. You might need to hold your pet still to avoid a mishap. stream The low end of the dose is used for moderate sedation, the high end of the dose for deep . Needles for these should be longer than those for subcutaneous ones, but if they are too long, they could harm tissue and nerves. It can also help your dog avoid injury. However, local immunity is sometimes more . 2.3k. The injection is given to a tented area on the pets shoulder, which is the least sensitive area. If You want convert kilograms to pounds, multiply the kilogram value by 2.2046226218, Thumbuddy To Love is a positive tool that teaches children how to stop thumb sucking, Low flow low gradient aortic stenosis case, 4 sites for intramuscular injections in dogs, Manhattan toy winkel rattle & sensory teether toy, Remedios caseros para la picazon en el ano, How long does 4 wisdom teeth removal take. 0000025191 00000 n The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more , infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. Modified live vaccines, however, may induce a protective primary immune response and some immunologic memory. The first step is to prepare the skin. As a result, testing an animals serum for antibodies may not enable differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Insert the needle swiftly into the fold of skin, with the needle angled downwards at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle. Be extremely cautious while administering intramuscular injections because the sciatic nerve is located in the middle of the leg. 1|fU=lhT~=ie>K /7w/k$e}t}GKi^k,3I[L3Ig:MTZj%ZgFn+0&%onj2L&Lrk.mtw:Gj,;O*G/c.|W>]ig"nx v6if[nv'/eRfJ{BWO0#$M(K@Y These muscle tissues have less pain receptors and are ideal for viscous medications. Drugs given into muscles are absorbed very quickly because there is a good blood supply to muscle tissue. Domestic animals have plenty of loose skin so it is very simple to lift a flap of skin and insert a needle into the subcutaneous tissue. Even killed viral vaccines may protect some animals against disease for many years. Copyright var date = new Date(); document.write(date.getFullYear()); California Veterinary Supply. What are the contraindications for this medication? It is also less painful for the patient. For easier injections, grab some of that skin to make a skin tent.. 0000005714 00000 n The absorption rate is slow because blood vessels are not richly in this area. 0000031365 00000 n Already have a myVCA account? Dermatologic Lesion Documentation and Description, 51. SQ medications (non-irritating and water soluble) are deposited in the loose connective tissue just below the dermis. We have excellent vet-recommended disinfectants and cleaners. %PDF-1.3 You should be aware that some communities have strict rules about disposal of medical waste material so do not throw the needle and syringe into the trash until you know if this is permissible. For example, intranasal vaccines protect: cattle against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Viral Infections Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Cattle Bovine herpesvirus 1 infections are widespread in the cattle population. The method of drug administration is called an intramuscular injection (IM),and it is commonly used, particularly when a rapid drug effect is desired. trailer 0000000016 00000 n Avoid pinching the skin too hard with your fingers. Intranasal vaccines, e.g. Stick the needle into the container and inject the air inside. Open the Facebook app on your device and tap the menu button. If your dog needs a vaccine between their yearly visits, a good option is to attend a low-cost vaccine clinic. Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Ernest Ward, DVM, Contributors: Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Ernest Ward, DVM. A veterinarian will use the most appropriate site for your dogs IM injection. If youre unsure, contact the vet right away for a proper diagnosis and treatment. The first step in giving a canine intramuscular injection is to prepare the needle and syringe. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. These vaccines can be administered during your dog's yearly exam. Before giving your dog an IM, you should know which muscles are used in this procedure. Patient prep LAB- Clip, Scrub, Open Glove, Quarter Drape, 27. Both natural infection and vaccination induce a protective immune response. FIG 3 Site of intramuscular injection FIG 4. 0000002320 00000 n by. The simultaneous administration of multiple vaccines to an animal does not present difficulties to the immune system of normal, healthy animals. ; Step #2. Skin should be swabbed with alcohol. Epaxial (lumbodorsal) muscles are on either side of the lumbar vertebrae. After use it is very important that needles have their protective caps securely replaced to prevent someone becoming injured. It is now common practice to rate vaccines according to their importance. 0000006144 00000 n Next, pinch a section of skin that is approximately one to two inches in diameter. Vaccines may differ significantly in their composition, and although all may induce immunity in the short term, it cannot be assumed that they confer equal long-term immunity. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. When a mixture of antigens is given to an animal simultaneously, they may compete with one another. However, the use of nebulised drugs means that the patient must breathe air containing the drug. This may happen when you are learning to give injections, especially when using the very fine ultra-sharp needles used for insulin administration. If some may have been received, the safest course of action is to give no more. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Canine & Feline IM Injections Effective administration of medicine is a key part of most veterinary treatments and many medications are most effective when given by injection. Clean techniques should always be used when administering injections. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2dcefebede2309 Felines intramuscular injections are mostly recommended to be administered in the quadricep or cranial thigh muscle; alternatively, the dorsal muscles along the spine are also suggested. The viral infection alone is not life-threatening but predisposes read more, cats against feline rhinotracheitis and calicivirus Feline Respiratory Disease Complex Feline respiratory disease complex is typically manifested by clinical signs of the eyes, nose, and mouth ( rhinosinusitis, sneezing, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations read more infections, poultry against infectious bronchitis Infectious Bronchitis in Poultry Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. 0000033974 00000 n Use a disinfectant or cleaner on these surfaces. This is the route used for administration of most injections and vaccinations/boosters. 0000018063 00000 n Before injecting your pet with medication, youll want to clean the injection site and the bottle well. With a little practice, however, most pet owners find that they have no problems administering routine injections to their dog without assistance. Working with syringes and needles requires great care, and you need to learn how to provide that care for your pets. The DHLPP combination vaccine protects your dog against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvo, and parainfluenza. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. ex) adult heart worm treatment in dogs-lumbar muscle, some vaccines in horses-neck or rear leg muscles, vaccines in cattle/pigs-neck muscles just distal to the ear. The interval between vaccine doses depends on an animal's immunologic memory. Posted by CalVetSupply.com on 9/6/2019 to, Free Standard Shipping on orders over $49, Newborn, Orphaned and Critically Ill Animal Support, IV sets, gloves, instruments, and other misc. 0000018580 00000 n Dissection kit and huck towel pack (to simulate sterile sx pack), 31. The standard size needles to use for canine injections are 21 to 23-gauge needle, 1 to 1.5 inches long. Insulin Syringes Difference between U 100 and U 40 and Emergency Conversion Chart, 54. Administration of medicine by injection is also essential for some drugs that are destroyed by acids in the stomach, e.g. California Vet Supply can provide you with more than just the advice in this article. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Vet Manual outside of North America. Massaging the area prior to the injection helps disperse the medication and minimizes pain. If blood does flow back, a different injection site should be chosen. These intramuscular injections are usually on the neck, chest, glute, or hind leg, though it may differ depending on the animal, there are fewer pain receptors is muscle tissues making it an ideal site for more irritating or viscous medications. Intramuscular injections are used to administer small volumes of medications. IM injections should be given using a shorter needle than subcutaneous injections. Essential (or core) vaccines should be given to all animals of a species, and veterinarians should ensure that immunity is maintained throughout an animal's life by appropriate revaccination. Dog and cat Fitting a Muzzle (PDF, 959kB) Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling (PDF, 614kB) Using a Slip Lead (PDF, 1,060kB) Making a Skin Tent for a Subcutaneous Injection (PDF, 703kB) Administering Subcutaneous Injections (PDF, 628kB) Canine Prostate Examination (PDF, 788kB) Lifting and Restraining a Dog (PDF, 1,264kB) The most frequently used sites for IV injections in the dog are the cephalic and lateral saphenous veins. The used needles and syringes should then be carefully stored in a sealed container or sharps box and returned to the veterinary practice for safe disposal. These areas of the dogs body have fewer pain receptors, making them a great choice for IMs. Depending on the vaccination, youll need a combination of powder and liquid. Owners can easily be taught to give injections in this way, e.g. Shaved or clipped areas on the cats leg usually show where an intravenous injection has been given. An alternative site and technique are suggested to ensure a more reliable effect when an intramuscular injection is indicated. Introduction-what exactly is a clinical skill? Local Anesthetic Intradermal Injections, 48. | Veterinarian Approved Doctor Lindsay Butzer DVM 39.7K subscribers Subscribe 731 55K views 1 year ago Hey Guys, in this video I am. What are the benefits of giving your dog an IM? After your dog is positioned, insert the needle. Dog Restraint For Cephalic Blood Draw/IV Catheter, 18. Generally, if you are unsure how much you injected, do not administer more unless directed by your veterinarian. Syringe Handling 1 ml and Practice Technique Using 2 Pieces of Tape, 9. If youre giving your dog an intramuscular injection, make sure you massage the area before the injection. Your veterinary practice may be able to order large boxes of these for you, which is more economical than buying from a pharmacy, etc. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Vaccine Failure and Other Adverse Events in Animals, Last review/revision Jul 2020 | Modified Nov 2022. What should I do? Injections are a common and important way we give medications to our patients. endstream endobj 6 0 obj <>]/Pages 1 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 7 0 obj <. There are many routes we use, not all medications can be given by all routes! A veterinarian will use the most appropriate site for your dog's IM injection. 44 0 obj <>stream You should use a clean, straight movement when inserting the needle, and never push too deep. 5 40 https://instagram.com/mustafajabbarofficial?igshid=wdffyg3zyl62 https . Try offering the pet an appropriate treat (based on your vets recommendation, as certain health conditions have dietary restrictions) as a distraction while you administer the injection. Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. Syringes, extensions sets, and direct lines for fluid bags can be used for SQ injections. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. All Rights Reserved. Spraying of vaccines enables the vaccines to be inhaled by all the animals in a herd, group, or flockan obvious advantage when the unit is large. Next: Local Anesthetic Intradermal Injections. Then, you can give the best shot possible! The commonly adopted technique and site for intramuscular injection in the cat are described, and the often resulting inadequacy and risk are discussed. Allergic Conjunctivitis in Dogs and Cats. Once the needle has been inserted into the muscle, gentle suction should be applied to the syringe to ensure that blood does not flow back into the needle. The lining of the respiratory tract is thin and vascular and absorption of some drugs from this site can be very rapid. . You should consult your veterinarian before administering an injection, as the depth and needle length will differ from animal to animal. Having someone assist you will make the procedure easier. It is important to check that the needle has not accidentally been placed in a blood vessel (particularly an artery) in the muscle, before giving the injection. Make sure that the needle is angled downward at about 30 to 45 degrees. Use OR to account for alternate terms Medications are administered directly into the vein via an IV. The skin should be slightly loose at this area. Instead, choose multiple sites where your pet will not be bothered by the pain and discomfort. It is a worldwide problem that presents primarily as an acute respiratory read more. How to Learn Motor Skills-Helpful Hints, 3. 0000013654 00000 n 0000008463 00000 n 0000014104 00000 n ALWAYS look it up! Bladder Stones (Struvite) in Dogs Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats Bloat - The Mother of All Emergencies Bloat: First Aid Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats Bones are Unsafe for Your Dog, No Bones about It Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats ex) adult heart worm treatment in dogs-lumbar muscle, some vaccines in horses-neck or rear leg muscles, vaccines in cattle/pigs-neck muscles just distal to the ear. Use to remove results with certain terms Suturing model made from socks and T-shirt, 20. Single-use, disposable needles ensure that the needle tip is very sharp to minimize pain. Putting Skills Together as it Matters in Clinical Practice, 5. In contrast to subcutaneous injections, intramuscular injections are more preferred because they allow for a faster absorption of medication. This can cause soreness, which can make your pet more uncomfortable with each regular stick. o [pig guinea] 0000006536 00000 n This practice removes air bubbles in the formula, which can cause medical chaos during the injection process. What happens if I 'miss' with an injection? Most dogs do not seem to mind routine injections. b. Injections can be made via intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), or intravenous (IV) routes. 39 kilogram is equal to 85.98028218 pounds. However, manufacturers have recognized this and modified vaccines accordingly. In feedlot cattle, the respiratory form is most common. Double Bowl Automatic Pet Bowl Feeder Cat Waterer, Pet Supplies Automatic Feeder Smart Dog Food Dispenser, Pet Automatic Timer Feeder Does Not Pinch Feet, Double Bowl Automatic Feeder Drinking Water Pet Supplies, Pet Automatic Feeder Cat Feeding And Drinking Water. The other injection routes mentioned above are mainly used in hospitalized animals and are given by those professionally trained to do so. Click to reveal This problem can be resolved by removing a nonprotective antigen from the vaccine. Your email address will not be published. Cystocentesis Practice Model and FNA Model, 19. Adverse Reactions to Spot-on Flea and Tick Products. Intramuscular injection to a cat. Intramuscular injection demonstration Show more Show more 3:57 16K views 61K views 8 months ago 5 years ago Almost yours: 2 weeks, on us 100+ live channels are waiting for you with zero hidden. 0000024529 00000 n Different Syringe Tips and Their Uses, 53. x[r}WSjJpM]1SIIe"Zr)_srqYIT r=;w\6-+wtvswesUU6"9rrwSuEeYV>K& r+ Vs{ky-'|v?B^i^4E`)LU2mUYVL \T]X The most common method of vaccine administration is by SC or IM injection. Another important factor is the location of the injection. 4 Rub the injection site with an alcohol swab. Certain medical conditions can be controlled by the use of drugs that are only available in an injectable formulation. 1. Intramuscular injections in dogs can be performed on the quadriceps, lumbodorsal, or triceps muscle. Dry the skin and apply a bandage. Now, How many lbs is 39 kg? If youre not sure, contact your veterinarian or consult an animal hospital. 0000014188 00000 n This approach is excellent for relatively small numbers of animals and for diseases in which systemic immunity is important. Vaccines should never be mixed indiscriminately because one component may dominate and interfere with responses to the other components. Different Syringe Tips and Their Uses, 53. Rsum. If you have the choice, the SQ method is the safest and easiest way to give vaccines, but some vaccines can only be given intramuscularly.

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