But in the Jewish calendar the Jews would recognize the start of the new month by watching for when the new crescent Moon appeared in the evening, which would be after the conjunction. Africanus does this by noting that the eve of Passover falls on a date of a near full moon, i.e., when the moon is opposite the sun in relation to the earth. In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33) there was 'the greatest eclipse of the sun' and that 'it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i.e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. The Bible is indeed confirmed by science, archaeology and history. Modern science validates the sources Phlegon used for compiling his writings and also validates the transcribers who referenced the material several hundred years later. Pontius Pilate (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House, 1968), p. 366. (The Olympics began in 776 B.C., and by counting every fourth year you come to the 202 nd Olympiad, and the fourth year of same is 33 A.D.) Most The earth shook, the rocks split and the tombs broke open. The heavens are telling of the glory of God; And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. Solar eclipses during this time frame that were visible to that part of the world were rare, which puts obvious delimiters on when they occurred. So, we know that when Jesus was crucified had to be a year between AD 26 and 36 in which Nisan 14 or Nisan 15 occurred on a Friday. . His chief work was the Olympiads, an historical compendium in sixteen books, from the 1st down to the 229th Olympiad (776 BC to AD 137), of which several chapters are preserved in Eusebius' Chronicle, Photius, and George Syncellus. The Romans and Jews could have falsified Peters claimhad it been false. The darkening of the sky I suspect was just a pure miracle, not caused by any natural phenomena. [3]. Also, word of it would have spread from Jerusalem to Jewish communities in Rome and throughout the empire. Tradition informs us that Marks gospel derives directly from Peters oral preaching in Rome (seehere). 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad. The diagram below will help to clarify this. In the verses above, Peter cites a scripture which speaks of various signs which God did by Him, inclusive of thesun being darkenedand the moon turning red. Last Olympiad: Next Olympiad: 1st year: Begins 29-07-01/02: Hekatombaion 29 Metageitnion 29 Boedromion 30 Puanepsion 29 Maimakterion 30 Poseideon . Thus, if the quote is accurate, and Phlegons eclipse has not been conflated with one which occurred in 29 A.D., then Phlegon is another source who supports the Crucifixion darkness. He asks for your prayers for his intentions. While Pliny tells us there have been unusually long eclipses, he then says such asindicating he means to giveexamplesandnota comprehensive list of them. The gospel of Luke mentions that John the Baptist began his ministry in the 15th year of Ceasar Tiberius (Luke 3:1-3). This earthquake did not center near Jerusalem exactly but it was strong enough to be very noticable in effects at Jerusalem if it did damage in Nicea. Thirteen inches above the 31 B.C. The ancient world still has historical buildings standing to this day built two millennium ago; wouldnt it be logical to build an extremely strong building that could withstand an earthquake in an earthquake-prone location? On the Circumstances Connected with Our Saviours Passion and His Life-Giving Resurrection). The astronomical science tells us there was no solar eclipse over Bithynia in that year. It is believed to be an 8.2-magnitude earthquake. We also know from the New Testament that at that time Caiaphas was the Jewish High Priest (Caiaphas is mentioned in Jewish writings) and Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea. Thus, upon closer examination, theforce of the skeptics objection inevitably dissolves away into nothingness as we examine the works of other ancient writers who the skeptic would cite as asilentwitness for their case. There are few historical records that are actually from the time of Christ but there are some records from historians from the second century AD. This Is A Perfect Picture Of The Gospel, The Crown Of Thorns, And The Mocking Of Jesus, The Wound Between The 5th And 6th Right Ribs, The Fulfilment Of Prophecy Concerning The Unbroken Bones, The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion, The Rejection Experienced By Jesus On The Cross, The Discovery By Ron Wyatt In 1982 Of The Ark Of The Covenant, A Brief Overview Of The New Covenant In The Blood Of The Messiah, And The Biblical Support For The Blood On The Mercy Seat. Phlegon Darkness occurred when Christ was crucified, an eclipse of the sun cannot occur during a full moon since the moon would be on the opposite side of the earth. Jesus Christ's crucifixion is one of the most important events in the history of the world. The darkness during the crucifixion. Each year of an Olympiad began on 1st July. Using the above information we can work out that the period of darkness occurred in 33 AD. Eusebius' records of the Olympics were considered authoritative but were lost, though they are translated and preserved some in the writings of others. The website for this is the National Geophysical Data Center (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov). "However in the fourth year of the 202nd olympiad, an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea." Picking on Pliny The above said, we may venture still further in suggesting another reason for theseemingsilence. There is little doubt that this information was passed from ancient source to ancient source before it reached Phlegon; however; its place in historical writings is scientifically confirmed nearly 2 millenia later. Being written within a dozen years of the Crucifixion, many of Matthews readers would have been witnesses to the three hour darkness which had fallen over the earth (cf Matthew 27: 45) years before. Part II: The Role of the Church, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeV), Is the Culture of Death creating the Remnant: Part 1 Declining births and life expectancy, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeIV), Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeIII), 10th Anniversary of Benedict XVIs Renunciation of the Papacy, A Rebuttal of Dr. Mazzas book on Pope Benedicts Resignation, Valid? In Wadi Zeelim, located above the southwestern shore of the modern Dead Sea exists an outcrop of laminated Dead Sea sediment. The speaker continued The 53rd chapter of Isaiah, written over 700 years before the birth of Christ, describes the most important aspect of the ministry of Jesus Christ!! Dont Panic! However, the sixth hour in Bithynia is also at the same time as the sixth hour in Jerusalem. Thepoint is that thedestruction of the discovered earthquake had to be catastrophic in order to destroy buildings there, which leads to the conclusion that the big one that hit Jerusalem also hit Turkey along the fault line at the same time. He inadvertently dated the darkness at noon on the day of Crucifixion in his work, The Olympiades. Passover occurred on either Nisan 14 or 15 about two weeks after the New Moon. And I will shew wonders in the heaven above, and signs on the earth beneath: blood and fire, and vapour of smoke. The Biblical Astronomer, 8(84). This one too is during the 202ndOlympiad, although in the first year, not the fourth. However, this is scientifically impossible. Sure, there is a degree of speculation as to whether this actually was an occurrence during the Crucifixion (I fully realize there a 10-year swing is 3650-ish days according to modern calendar, which means a .0274% chance that it was on the actual day), but here again is evidence that the transcription from ancient origins thatPhlegon relied on and passed to writers who referenced his collected materials is scientifically plausible. And just for fun, who could possibly falsely place this earthquake during the time of Tiberius Caesar and roughly the time period of the 202nd Olympiad (and I fully grasp the weight of the word roughly)? In his book Chronicle of the Olympiad he records a miracle mentioned in the New Testament. Though Jesus was alive till Friday afternoon, the period he was dead on Friday counted as both a day and a night. The first of the two speakers stepped forward again. They were not myths or literary devicesas skeptics or modernist biblical scholars might now suggest. This blatantly religious appeal seemed odd and out of place. Dont believe me? He was a Greek historian who lived in Asia Minor during the first century. Euse-bius, in his records of the year A.D. , quotes at length from Phlegon, who says that, in the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great and remarkable eclipse of the sun, above any that had happened before. The source from Jerome above is interesting in that it dates the unusual darkening of the sky by the Olympiad numbering system. From the direct quote above, it is clear Phlegons source is an observer in Bithynia (in modern day Turkey), which is well over 500 miles away from Jerusalem. I will follow the work of Cambridge professor Colin Humphreys based on his book, "The Mystery of the Last Supper," published in 2011 [1]. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour fails on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun. "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. This is a clear Bible prophecy foretelling that God would cause the punishment for our sins to fall upon Jesus. Your email address will not be published. Roman historical sources confirm that Jesus Christ lived on Earth and died by crucifixion. 3: 32-07-28/29: Athene : 4: 32- . The reader should note that Phlegons comment that an eclipse of the sun occurred during Jesus death was impossible (see Thallus) since the Jewish Passover occurs during a full moon. Among these is a very interesting quote below from a Christian scholar quoting an earlier Roman historian named Phlegon (first and second century). Indeed Phlegon, who is an excellent calculator of olympiads, also writes about this, in his 13th book writing thus: "However in the fourth year of the 202nd olympiad [32 CE], an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour [around noon] day turned into dark night, so that the . We will analyze from two perspectives: one that asserts both Phlegons writing to be uncompromised and authentic, and one that assumes Phlegon has been compromised and is unauthentic. In fact, it is also quite impossible for a solar eclipse to last for 3 hours. 12:40, Matt. So, these historical extrabiblical sources are also consistent with the AD 33 date. The gospel references where Jesus predicted he would rise in three days are Matt. It is impossible to have the Moon block the Sun at Full Moon, which is when Passover took place. AD 33 is too early for his crucifixion, surely. To home he may gobut, it must be with his tail between his legs. Africanus make it rather evident that Thallus was specifically addressing this darkness i.e., the three hour darkness at the time of the Crucifixion and not any other. Check it out for yourselfhttp://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE0001-0100.html. Of all these verses, only Matt. The audience was quieter now and gave the speakers the respectful hearing that they deserved. Thesestatements reveal several key things: 1. His boyish face was flush and confident now. The next piece of the puzzle is to determine if Jesus indeed was crucified on a Friday. Peter reminds his hearers these things were done in the midst of you, as you also know. Clearly, Peter referenced an eventthe three hour darkening of the sunwhich waspreviouslywitnessed by all hearing him that day. Then you can go through a process of elimination to to rule out all these years except AD 33. Colin Humphreys estimates that Jesus' ministry began in 30 A.D. As explained, we believe that the darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same darkness referred to in Matthew 27:45. He takes the Bible at face value rather than questioning the details in Scripture in some way, which I believe is the right approach. He dabbed the sweat from his pallid face and intoned Are you at peace with God? These events of that day, and others surrounding them, such as the Crucifixion darkness described in the gospels, were real. [citation needed]. Jerusalem is another place where we might have expected there to be records of the events of Matthew 27, and to hope that individual residents of Jerusalemcontemporaneous to the eventsmight have commented on these wondrous happenings in personal records, etc. Edit them in the Widget section of the, Repost: The Historicity of the Crucifixion Darkness. The mention of three nights in this verse has prompted some to propose the crucifixion was on a Wednesday or a Thursday. "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. The Date by Deduction But consider how do we know anything about history? That is a nearly impossible standard to meet. Each recounts a fantastical or paranormal event. He said If I could prove to you that the Bible is a supernatural book, confirmed by both foretelling of the future and also by miracles, would you believe what the Bible says?. The span of distance between Bythnia and Jerusalem would have put the earthquake in a cataclysmic category, and the evidence confirmed by science supports that conclusion. If the above quotes about the crucifixion sky darkening and the earthquake are correct and actually correspond to the crucifixion, then we have historical evidence for miracles at the crucifixion. 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, in the 18th year of Tiberius. The question is: should we accept the historicity of this Crucifixion darkness? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. No one has ever met a literary device walking down the street or stubbed their toe on one, thus we should not expect that any early Christian would have suffered martyrdom for one. 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad. This is especially significant I think because no other significant earthquakes turned up in Israel for the entire range of years from 25 to 35 AD. ? someone heckled from the back row. So that means there has been at least some investigation of it by geologists though I do not know how much. Fr. Adding these figures up, we find that Jesus began proclaiming the good news of the Kingdom of heaven when he was 33 years old. This firmly connects Jesus and the gospels to Roman history. [The word Christ in Hebrew is Messiah.] Christ bore our sins so that if we just turn to God through Christ and humble ourselves and repent we receive Gods forgiveness for all of our sins!! Let us, briefly, consider the case for the historicity of this event by first quoting the relevant gospel accounts. The year given by Phlegon for this eclipse is the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., 33 A.D.), which is consistent with one of the possible dates of the Crucifixion (i.e., April 3, 33 A.D.). 776 BC = Olympiad 1, not 0. Some events regarding the life of Christ and the life of Paul the Apostle, which are mentioned in the New Testament can be dated. However, unlike the New Testament, of which there are 25,366 early copies, many of these ancient writer's manuscripts are fragmented. In order to make it, the skeptic must demonstrate that the other surviving ancient sources we do havecertainlywould have mentioned the darkness if it had happenedandthat there is no sufficient reason why these sources excluded it. Contact Dr Richard Kent and recommendations, Bible Prophecy Concerning The Crucifixion, The Blood Covenant In Relation To The Crucifixion, Recording of The Crucifixion by Contemporary Historians, The Three Hour Period Of Darkness Is Confirmed By Many Historians, The Ad 33 Date Of The Crucifixion According To Phlegon, A Secular Greek Historian, The Ad 33 Date Of The Crucifixion From Bible Prophecy, Caiaphas Prophesied About The Crucifixion, In Gethsemane Jesus Sweated Blood, The Disciples Slept, And Judas Betrayed Jesus Christ, Judas Iscariot Betrayed Jesus Christ For Thirty Pieces Of Silver, The Timing Of The Night Before The Crucifixion, Jesus Christ Stood In Our Place At The Six Trials, Jesus Was Condemned To Death For "blasphemy", The Crowd Choose Barabbas Rather Than Jesus. Remember then, especially on Good Friday between the hours of noon and 3 pm, that the Crucifixion darkness is a real, historical eventand pray for those who deny it. Now let us consider how he might have categorized the Crucifixion darkness. This may seem hard to accept for some. In reply. Historical Testimony However, history provides a sufficient answer as to why such documentary evidence has not survived on these topics of great interest. Phlegon would have had no way to misreport an actual earthquake that hit in the region, because the region has the history to confirm the account passed to him. I did a search for the years 25 through 35 AD for the nation of Israel. [CDATA[*/ var d = new Date(); var n = d.getFullYear(); document.getElementById('getYear').innerHTML = n; /*]]>*/ Christian Evidence. He said, "A day and a night are an Onah, and the portion of an Onah is as the whole of it." What miracles!!? The 202nd Olympiad has been calculated to run from July AD 29 to June AD 33. Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19, Christian Evidence was created to enable Christians to defend their faith, and to open their eyes up to the overwhelming evidence for Christianity. First, there are differences between the synoptic gospels in the New Testament and the gospel of John that have puzzled Bible scholars. . whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life. Pure speculation. One day it occurred to me that there were physical events that were extraordinary that WOULD most likely be preserved in historyand here are some very awesome references. In Phlegon's Olympiades we are told it happened in the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad which is AD 33. Well, for starters, it places a high degree of scientific precision for a writing that could considered to be hearsay or speculative because of its inference from another source. But it is a challenging issue to unravel. . Phlegons citation is a fragment from Olympiades he Chronika 13, ed. Key to this text though, is that it has never been found in an original form. With this principle in mind, let us now consider the evidence. On the Circumstances Connected with Our Saviours Passion and His Life-Giving Resurrection). Does this necessarily mean that Phlegon was referencing the seismic activity, if you dare to call it that, that occurred during the Crucifixion in the Gospel accounts? There was a great earthquake in Bithynia, and many things were overturned in Nicaea." 3) the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad; being commonly associated with the March 19, 33 CE solar eclipse. In fact, PlinysNatural Historyincludes a chapter entitled Of Unusual Long Eclipses of the Sun. Therefore, it seems atfirst glancethatthe skeptic is on to something when he points out that a three hour long darkness is nowhere to be found in this chapter. You can use a text widget to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of these. A non-profit, 501(c)3 corporation. Phlegon's ``Olympiads" (2nd century) says that Christ's crucifixion was in the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad (AD 29-33), when a total solar eclipse occurred in the 6th hour. Please note, I do not believe that this eclipse is connected with the crucifixion. mund. The 202nd Olympiad. . Origen, Against Celsus, Book 2.33, Phlegon mentioned the eclipse which took place during the crucifixion of the Lord Jesus Christ, and no other (eclipse); it is clear that he did not know from his sources about any (similar) eclipse in previous times . Phlegon had specifically stated in his Olympiades: "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the 6th hour the day was changed into night and the stars were seen in the heavens.". Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The Jewish calendar is a lunar calendar and thus months start with the New Moon. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Age of Isaiah Scroll Scientifically Predates Jesus, Earliest Records of the Gospel Accounts of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Corroborate the Modern Text, http://www.numachi.com/~ccount/hmepa/calendars/202.html, http://www.deadseaquake.info/was-there-really-an-earthquake-on-the-day-that-jesus-died/, Mara Bar Serapion Confirms Early Reference to Jesus, Rome Confirms the Existence of Christianity, Phlegon of Tralles Scientifically Established as a Credible Source on Jesus. So the daylight part of a day (or any part thereof) is an onah and the evening is an onah and the entire dark period of the night is also an onah. https://creation.com/darkness-at-the-crucifixion-metaphor-or-real-history, http://www.icr.org/article/greatest-earthquakes-bible/, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47555983/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/quake-reveals-day-jesus-crucifixion-researchers-believe/#.Wiu9sUqWaUk, http://www.wall.org/~aron/blog/darkness-at-noon/. However, Eusebius, in book 2 of Chronicle (Chronicon, quoted by Jerome), actually quotes Phlegon, with no mention of Jesus or a three hour darkness. Only one earthquake in this span of years came up in the results, in 33 AD The database showed two published geological sources regarding this earthquake. (Jerome) [4]. But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? Zero as a mathematical number in the Greco-Roman world was a later invention. He quotes Phlegon as stating it was the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, conflicting with Africanus who quotes Phlegon as stating it was the 2nd year; He asserts this occurred at the Passover both in the 18th year of Tiberius (spring 32AD) and in Olympiad 202.4 (spring 33AD); 27:63, Mark 8:31, Mark 9:31, Mark 10:33-34, and John 2:19. The onah concept applies to part "days" and whole "days" so that they counted the same. Bugnolan Conclave in surprise move, elects Bergoglio! He stated that in the 19th year of Tiberius and the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33), a large eclipse occurred which turned day to night around the sixth hour (noon), and an earthquake destroyed many houses in the city of Nicaea. Moon phase and solar year events are shown on the day in Athens. It is an important event to all Christians. (LogOut/ It also gives a link to download Lightfoot's entire New Testament commentaries in four volumes as free PDF files. and this is shown by the historical account of Tiberius Caesar. Philopon, De. Here, the skeptics case isseeminglymore plausible on first glance. (Julius Africanus, Chronography, 18.1) [4]. I will also point out that the Roman historian Thallius also recorded these events. The year given by Phlegon for this eclipse is the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., 33 A.D.), which is consistent with one of the possible dates of the Crucifixion (i.e., April 3, 33 A.D.). Early Christian writers, such as Origen, Africanus and Eusebius, also cited a 2nd century writer, Phlegon, as having written of the Crucifixion darkness. At His own free-will, He with a word dismissed from Him His spirit, anticipating the executioners work. The sedimentation rate puts this second earthquake about 65 years after the 31 B.C. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad I believe would include some of the same year as the 203rd Olympiad but the new Olympiad did not start till the Olympics event took place in the Summer. Here, too, we see an Apostle feared not to mention the event precisely because it was already widely known among his readers. 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad. This earthquake would have been massive to be felt in Israel and Turkey at the same timethink of the catastrophe! For from Nehemiah, who was sent by Artaxerxes to resettle Jerusalem in the 115 th year of the Persian empire, the twentieth year of Artaxerxes, the fourth year of the 83rd Olympiad, until this time, which was the second year of the 202nd Olympiad, the sixteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, there is a total of 475 years. And calculation makes out that the period of 70 weeks, as noted in Daniel, is completed at this time. Julius Africanus, Chronography, 18.1. He referred to a description by Phlegon of an eclipse accompanied by earthquakes during the reign of Tiberius: that there was "the greatest eclipse of the sun" and that "it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i. e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. If your sunset occurs later than sunset in Athens, the event may occur on the previous day . Phlegon was a Greek historian who wrote an extensive chronology around AD 137. The young minister was painfully uncomfortable standing in front of a largely secular group of college students. It should then not come as a surprise to us that Pliny, who scorned the idea of God and religion (cfNatural HistoryI, 5), would pass over in silence this world-portent now claimed by and associated with the Christian religion, which wasat that time he wrotea portent of a persecuted, criminal and maligned sect. He can be contacted at [email protected]. The audience began to show its disdain. To God nothing is impossible. We have no need to be dogmatic about precise numbers regarding His age at the time of His crucifixion. How could the science not possibly confirm this level of coincidence? Little is known about Phlegon, but he made reference to Christ. He was dying as the newborn infant was being brought back from Egypt by his parents. Certainly, other ancient writers, most notably Pliny the Elder (23 79 AD), would have written of a three hour darkness had it really happened. Thus, a solar eclipse, which happens when the moon passes between the earth and sun cannot be a valid explanation for the Crucifixion darkness. And with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place . Tyndale House, 1968 ), p. 366 expanse is declaring the of... Speakers stepped forward again weeks, as you also know, consider the evidence a solar eclipse his between... 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