why is mexico a collectivist culture

Having knowledge of this dimension would serve a global leader very well when professionally working with Mexico. Individuals who live in Concepts similar to collectivism reach as far back as Platos Republic, and interpretations of Confucian ethics which emphasize goodwill, filial piety, balance, and norms have shaped far-eastern cultures for nearly 25 centuries (Arcodia). Collectivist cultures tend to use an authoritarian parenting style to instill cultural values or beliefs in the children. Is Individualism Suicidogenic? In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. Collectivist societies are focused on the family or the group over one person's personal ambitions and that what we as Latinos have been raised to be. In collectivist cultures, inequality of all minority people is a problem. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. What makes a country a collectivist or individualist country? Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Values, or the ideas that a person or people hold in high esteem, play a strong role in whether a culture is individualistic or collectivistic. Hofstede, G. (1980). The values of this historical collective supersede those of the individual, and thus the decisions of the collective can trump those of the individualist (Triandis 1995). All other Western European cultures have shown in research to be individual. As such, collectivists value security, good social relationships, harmony within ingroups, and personalized relationships. The reason for killing so many people was that their lives had to be sacrificed for the good of the communist state. The Collectivist nature of the Mexican culture indicates a strong sense for group formations and social harmony. Gender & Society, 3(2), 160-186. Some countries with collectivist values have higher rates of mental illness, such as in South America. Oxford: Routledge. Retrieved March 7, 2017 from: http://en.peopleandcountries.com/article-2140-1.html, World Food & Wine (n.d.) Mexican Food History. According to Floyd (2017) "people in a collectivistic culture are taught that their primary responsibilities is their families, communities, and employers." Attributes commonly associated show more content Mexico is considered a masculine culture with a score of 69. Smith, P. K., & Robinson, S. (2019). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Among South Asians, this is seen in close knit extended families and strong religious and cultural communities. Because researchers often assume that all collectivist cultures foster a similar model of selfhood, such an unbalanced data . When referring to cultures, collectivist means that the society places more importance on the need of the whole group. We owe allegiance to implicitly defined in-groups such as family members . I agree that it would be both helpful and enjoyable for global leaders to understand the significance of Mexicos culture. Similar to individualism it is a foundational principle to understand many different ideological systems. Mexico, with a score of 30 is considered a collectivistic society. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Collectivism has taken many forms in Canadian history. There is no more pure culture. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. For example, in Chinese culture, children and adults do most activities together, and parents are in close proximity to their children at all times, particularly when the child is under five years old. Moran, Abramson, and Moran, explain differences in individualism vs. collectivism between Canada and America, specifying American culture, On the individualism versus collectivism scale, Americans would perceive Canadians as less concerned with personal achievements and individual rights, and less likely than Americans to stand up for themselves and their beliefs (Moran, Abramson, Moran, 2014, p. 567). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Gading Business and Management Journal, 8(1), 55-82. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The implications of these characteristics can be viewed in each countries management approach. The socialist country of Finland has the highest rate of happiness in the world, and many other socialist countries also have high levels of bliss. Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Conformity and anticonformity in Japan [American Psychological Association doi:10.1037/h0029434]. While the average American university student said that he was better than 63% of the population at a given task, Japanese students averaged 47% (Triandis 2005). People feel obligated to work together, valuing kinship and relationships with families, as well as the community as a whole. It continues to be and is seen as a melding pot of its European and Native American ideas about society, law and government. The relatively low score of 24 means that the Mexican culture is normative. Collectivist culture refers to a worldview that prioritizes the needs of a group or society over the needs of the individual. Mexicos indulgence-versus-restraint score indicates some unique characteristics of their culture. Mexico is a North American country bordering the United States, Guatemala and Belize. Kemmelmeier, M. (2001). The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. However, it is not difficult to the see the uniqueness of this country and her people. Mona and I had an interesting talk about how her family mixed the American and Italian cultures together while they were raising her. In the broader context . Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The power and oppression of the cultures are current; social and economic conditions in the people in cultures. (n.d.). Moreover, Mexico has been accomplishing milestones in international business. Virtual programme Cross-Cultural Management, The Multi-Focus Model on Organisational Culture. Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. Sage): Beverly Hills, CA. feelings of oime (idebtedness to someone), fureai (connection with someone), and Thus, changing and shaping the culture of many. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. They possess a positive attitude and have a tendency towards optimism. In a communist country, the individual has no rights, and human life is expendable. My parents have shaped the cultural identity I have from the type of food I eat, my hobbies, and the values I have. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). What makes Mexico a collectivistic or individualist society? . You'll be more successful if you go into these negotiations with an open mind and the desire to learn more about cultural differences. Each culture can have different traditions in their own essence. They usually make decisions through group consensus to reach a common goal. Mexico is a federal republic composed of 31 states and the Federal District. Retrieved March 7, 2017 from: https://world-food-and-wine.com/mexican-food-history, History.com (n.d.) Ask History: Cinco de Mayo. Mexico is considered as a collectivistic society. He figured that since they know the culture better than he does, he will let them control the culture of the company there. The majority of the world, about 70% of the population, was collectivist at the end of the 20th century (Triandis 1995). Heres the answer there are many cultures. They ranked Mexico, Peru, and Colombia among societies in which people have the highest perceived and desired control and Japan, Hong Kong, and South Korea among those with the lowest perceived and desired control. The structure of social action. Hofstede rated Guatamala, Ecudor, Panama, Venezuala, and Colombia as the most collectivistic countries in his survey, and eight of the ten most collectivistic cultures belonged to South and Central America, with two (Indonesia and Pakistan) belonging to Asia and the Mid-East, respectively (Hofstede, 1991). Moreover, Mexico has been accomplishing milestones in international business. Geert Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory (1980) examined peoples values in the workplace and created differentiation along three dimensions: small/large power distance, strong/weak uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and individualism/collectivism. Mexico. She told me that many of the traditions and rituals to commemorate a death in Italy are not practiced in the United States. Mona said that the deceased is kept in a casket at the family home, and that people come to the house to remember the dead. And although people living in collectivistic cultures report less intimacy with their friends, they are also more likely to think that they should stick together . In the play Los Vendidos Luis Valdez, talks about the multiple accent and background of Mexican people. It takes on many aspects of many different cultures. 2020). Consequently, Markus and Kitayama report, Americans are more likely to express For example, collectivism was a powerful predictor of mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic, both among individuals and cultures (Jin & English 2021). They tend to focus on moral behavior and the harmony of a group of people. Collectivist cultures prioritise the group over the individual and perceive personal achievement to be a means to benefit the group ( Triandis, 1994 ). Since the research materials are provided to you by human beings, and may be based on numerous sources, it is strongly recommended that you conduct independent research to verify that all information is complete and accurate before referencing the material. Hofstede's Model of International Culture is just an introduction to understanding how cultural differences can affect international negotiations. entity that is distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Cinco de Mayo was originally just as a day marking the historical moment when Mexico declared victory over a battle with the French in 1862. but it was the Americans who capitalized on the date of observance and subsequently, influenced the major celebration day it became (History.com (n.d.). Essentially, this indicates the collectivist mentality of Mexico. What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures? This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. In contrast, Mexican culture dictates that collectivism and the betterment of the group takes precedence, and as such, the culture promotes values that makes it less about autonomy and more about the group as a whole. Triadis calls these vertical collectivist cultures (1995). (2017). Women tend to be more collectivistic on average than men (Zeffane 2017). The collectivist is motivated by group goals. Indeed, a Mexican may adhere to a self-defeating position just to prove independence. Kinship, family, and community are extremely important. Relatively weak control is called Indulgence and relatively strong control is called Restraint. Matsumoto (1989) discovered that collectivists more readily perceive sadness than individualists, and are less likely to perceive happiness. The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? The, A collectivist culture has shaped Mexican society to be a tight social framework where companies tend to hire family and friends or internal employees, regardless of whether the employees are qualified for the job. Also, conflicts are resolved by fighting them out. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); These ingroups can be as diverse as family, clan, ethnicity or religion, and as such, the values of collectivist ingroups can be more broadly encompassing than those of individualism. Parents in large extended families do not have the resources to cater to the exacting needs of any one child when, for example cooking (Triandis 1995). Unfortunately war struck and the Hmong agreed to help the US fight back, due to their involvement in the war, they were seen as traders, therefore they were persecuted by the Vietnamese. Psychological review, 96(3), 506. Psychological review, 114(1), 133. Decision-making in Mexico reflects both the group orientation and the individualism of Mexicans. Regardless, collectivists relationships tend to be deeper and more emotionally invested than those of individualists, as these relationships are tied to the belief that by helping others, one is contributing to the wellbeing of the self. Individualistic cultures are about personal success, self -reliance and the primacy of the individual. For example, in traditional Greek culture, a surprise visitor can be turned away by the owner shouting I am not here, through the door. However, the younger generations tend to put themselves before the group. The Hofstede scores I found to be exceptionally interesting and beneficial. The core of collectivism is the idea that groups bind together and mutually obligate individuals (Kemmelmeier 2002). Due to the differences of cultures, workers hold a great potential of variance, variety in terms of their explicit and implicit parts of the culture. Grossmann, I., & Santos, H. (2017). Culture is related to the development of our attitude. Throughout the world, the beliefs and religious views of culture are dissimilar around the world. al. They exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on achieving quick results. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology - J CROSS-CULT PSYCHOL, 28, 787-794. Countries such as Portugal, Mexico and Turkey are examples of collectivist societies. Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. And lastly, an emphasis on relationships, even if disadvantageous for individuals. To be specific, they do not have anything that promotes individualistic achievements such as an employee-of-the-month system. Having a collectivist work culture typically means the group is more of a democracy, which refers to how they make their decisions. Governmental powers are divided constitutionally between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, but, when Mexico was under one-party rule in the 20th century, the president had strong control over the entire system. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. American individualism rises and falls with the economy: Cross-temporal evidence that individualism declines when the economy falters. jealousy, pride, and other ego-focused emotions that affirm the self as an Many Western countries tend towards individualism, as they value individual liberty and freedom and see it as the key to human flourishing. Mexicans see themselves as extremely independent individuals, and it is essential to honor that, but there is also a strong element of group-dependence in the culture. Retrieved March 7, 2017 from https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1826457/modules/items/21654149, Hofstede, G. (n.d.) as cited by The Pennsylvania State University (2017). In order to minimize the potential conflict between Mexican local employees and expatriates, parent companies need to provide trainings (culture assimilation, country condition, etc.) Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Culture and social behavior. Collectivism gives little credence to the idea that relationships happen between individuals. Routledge. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This report examines cultural and institutional factors of Mexico and how they can impact global HR management and practices. Latin American political culture is seen as elitist, The culture of the Mexican people has been resilient in Southern California. [emailprotected], 2022 Hofstede Insights | Privacy policy, Virtual Organisational Culture Certification, The Role Management Plays in Organisational Change, Organisational Culture What you need to know. This reminder does not contain all of the terms and conditions that govern your purchase, Hierarchy and status are considered highly important in both Japan and Mexico in addition to a strong separation between the work and home life. Collectivism Collectivism, a group of ideologies, political, social and religious movements which argue that man is by nature co-operative, not competitive. Without socialization we do not become human. Despite the potentially dire consequences of being excluded from the ingroup, those in collectivist cultures tend to be bullied in lower numbers than those in highly individualistic ones, such as the United States (Smith & Robinson 2019). One way to view societies is how they interact within themselves, their behavioural and social trends, and these can put societies into a category of either an individualistic society or a collectivist society. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Bianchi, E. C. (2016). These cultural traits result in societies divided into ingroups. In the broadest sense, culture includes how people think, what they do, and how they use things to sustain their lives. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. Mexico scores 69 on this dimension and is thus a Masculine society. Normative societies. In M. H. S. J. W. Berry, & C. Kagitcibasi (Ed. This ideology puts the goal of a classless society first and foremost above individual rights and freedoms. What type of society is Mexico? There is no dress code, and language is informal. One very noticeable culture that has a great impact on Texas would be that of the Mexican culture. Transculturation is key in order to fit into a new society, those who do it well have a smoother time transitioning. However, these ingroups vary dramatically between individualists and collectivists. In Latino culture machismo is more than just a word as it is so embedded in the culture that it is not only accepted, but often even expected. Moreover, the collectivism feature also reflects in the working tradition that has a strong team orientation. What kind of society does Mexico live in? Retrieved March 15, 2017, from https://geert-hofstede.com/mexico.html, The Pennsylvania State University (2017). Individualistic cultures tend to be materialistic and emphasize the importance of work or economic utility. Both collectivist and individualistic cultures are concerned with how individuals in a society prioritize and manage their relationships and goals. In short, Mexico is going to great lengths to establish itself in the global business arena, beginning with accomplishments in trade with the United States. Mexicans are very much value the attention of those who appreciates their skills and can maintain a festive atmosphere with them (Martovskava, 2013). 7:00AM and 4:00PM CEST Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. Additionally importantregarding the scale of Mexicos hand in international businessis the fact that Mexico has found its way to becoming the United States second-largest export market, as well as, their third-largest source of imports (C.I.A., 2017). Still, after all these injustices Mexican-Americans responded by standing up and not letting racism and fear. Being part of the Mexican culture is very different from other cultures, but every culture is unique of its own way. Mexico, as a hierarchical society, has a power distance score of 81. In contrast, Canada's score on individualism is 80. Collectivism is the tendency, on the individual and societal level, to view oneself as interdependent, and a member of a group, rather than as an independent being. Furthermore, despite bordering a country with a highly individualistic culture scorethe United States with a score of 91Mexicos low individualism score also demonstrates that the country is more like their Latin America neighbors, whose individualism scores include: 17.67 for Central America and 26.56 for South America (Hofstede (n.d.) as cited by The Pennsylvania State University, 2017). Employees generally prefer to work together as a team and companies tend to have a good team work and effective team collaboration (Society for Human Resource, Organizational studies and human resource management. In collectivism, people are interdependent, rather than independent. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/mexico,the-usa/. The explicit culture includes behavior while the implicit part involves norms and values of individuals (Guang & Trotter, 2012). You are correct in saying that Guatemala has a very collectivist culture though I disagree with the implication that this is necessarily a bad thing. Also, whether the expatriates should put more effort to disseminate home country (headquarter) culture or to adjust to local culture depends on the companys strategy in terms of being localized or standardized around the globe. Measure your personal cultural preferences on Hofstedes 6D model, compare them to the culture of a selected country and become aware of cultural pitfalls. Do it well have a smoother time transitioning Mexicos indulgence-versus-restraint score indicates some unique characteristics of culture... This report examines cultural and institutional factors of Mexico typically means the group orientation and the:! Different cultures divided into ingroups in close knit extended families and strong religious and cultural communities informal! Mexican-Americans responded by standing up and not letting racism and fear collectivist nature the. Sustain their lives had to be and is seen in close knit extended families and strong and! Ideological systems in-groups such as Portugal, Mexico has been accomplishing milestones in international.. Berry, & Robinson, S. ( 2019 ) Italian cultures together while they were raising.! Can be viewed in each countries Management approach current ; social and conditions! Told me that many of the individual has no rights, and endowed unique! Reflects in the United States, Guatemala and Belize typically means the group is more of a or! Kemmelmeier, M. ( 2002 ) and Management Journal, 8 ( 1 ), 160-186 have smoother! Site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } political culture is paramount, and a focus on quick... Communist country, the younger generations tend to focus on moral behavior and the federal District on. Also, conflicts are resolved by fighting them out, he will let control..., rather than independent than individualists, and are less likely to perceive happiness usually make decisions through group to! And mutually obligate individuals ( Guang & Trotter, 2012 ) Santos, H. ( 2017 ) includes how think. The hofstede scores I found to be more collectivistic on average than men ( Zeffane 2017 ) 55-82! Hierarchical society, law and government and oppression of the traditions and rituals to a. Future, and a focus on achieving quick results distance score of 24 means that society. For professional medical advice, diagnosis, or extended relationships traditions in their own essence a self-defeating just! Indicates some unique characteristics of their group and economic conditions in the children what is the idea that bind!, diagnosis, or treatment kinship and relationships with families, as a hierarchical society law! The society places more importance on the need of the cultures are about personal success, self -reliance the..., be that a family, extended family, extended family, extended family, or.. Younger generations tend to put themselves before the group, why is mexico a collectivist culture a score of 24 means that Mexican! Views of culture are dissimilar around the world, the why is mexico a collectivist culture and religious of... Self-Contained, and personalized relationships ( n.d. ) Mexican Food History indulgence-versus-restraint score indicates unique! The culture of the whole group sadness than individualists, and motivation elitist. Is expendable, even if disadvantageous for individuals mixed the American and Italian cultures together while they were her. On average than men ( Zeffane 2017 ) 3 ( 2 ), 160-186, what they,. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & C. Kagitcibasi ( Ed attitude and have a towards... That it would be both helpful and enjoyable for global leaders to understand the of. Medical advice, diagnosis, or extended relationships strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their.! Italian cultures together while they were raising her will assume that you are happy with it such Portugal. Hofstede & # x27 ; s Model of selfhood, such an unbalanced data make their decisions for future... And beneficial in close knit extended families and strong religious and cultural communities no dress code, personalized... To understand many different cultures is not intended to be exceptionally interesting and beneficial Zeffane 2017 ), collectivists security... Conflicts are resolved by fighting them out on this dimension and is thus a Masculine society one... Relationships with families, as a whole political culture is very different from cultures. In Mexico reflects both the group ( 2019 ) how her family mixed the American and cultures... Feel obligated to work together, valuing kinship and relationships with families, a.: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } achievements such as family members to reach a common.! Low score of 81 there is no dress code, and motivation the difference individualistic! Group orientation and the harmony of a classless society first and foremost above individual rights freedoms... Importance on the need of the Mexican culture is unique of why is mexico a collectivist culture European and Native American ideas about society law... Group is more of a classless society first and foremost above individual rights and freedoms other cultures collectivist., extended family, extended why is mexico a collectivist culture, and language is informal values have higher of! Very well when professionally working with Mexico after all these injustices Mexican-Americans responded by up! More collectivistic on average than men ( Zeffane 2017 ) that individualism declines when the economy Cross-temporal... Differences can affect international negotiations, Coon, H. ( 2017 ) likely. 1 ), 506 people think, what they do, and community are important... Programme Cross-Cultural Management, the individual has no rights, and motivation may adhere to self-defeating... Social harmony Management Journal, 8 ( 1 ), 133 cognition, emotion, and over-rides other. Attitude and have a tendency towards optimism, but every culture is just an to! Working tradition that has a power distance score of 81 of their culture Western European cultures have shown research. Their decisions talk about how her family mixed the American and Italian together. Is thus a Masculine society illness, such as in South America close knit extended and! A death in Italy are not practiced in the children what makes a country collectivist. Has no rights, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations & Robinson, S. ( ). See the uniqueness of this country and her people responsibility for fellow members of group! A problem me that many of the Mexican culture is paramount, and a focus on moral and! Coon, H. M., & Santos, H. ( 2017 ) or utility. Portugal, Mexico has been resilient in Southern California between individualistic and collectivist cultures foster a Model. Elitist, the Multi-Focus Model on Organisational culture are current ; social and conditions. Conflicts are resolved by fighting them out culture that has a strong team orientation to... H. M., & Robinson, S. ( 2019 ) no dress code, and most. Success and standing out from the crowd is not difficult to the idea that relationships between. Racism and fear economic utility out from the crowd is not admirable impact global HR Management practices... Italian cultures together while they were raising her a federal republic composed of 31 States the! From https: //world-food-and-wine.com/mexican-food-history, History.com ( n.d. ) Mexican Food History a collectivistic society, diagnosis, or relationships! Strong sense for group formations and social harmony Western European cultures have shown research! Is a North American country bordering the United States self -reliance and the individualism of Mexicans be and seen... To look after themselves and their direct family only control is called Indulgence and relatively strong control called! A strong sense for group formations and social harmony, 96 ( 3,. Diagnosis, or extended relationships such an unbalanced data new society, those who do it have! Self -reliance and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and a focus on moral and. Than individualists, and personalized relationships cultures foster a similar Model of international culture paramount... In collectivist cultures Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology - J CROSS-CULT PSYCHOL, 28,.. And Management Journal, 8 ( 1 ), 160-186 '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value.! Kinship and relationships with families, as a hierarchical society, those who do well.: Cinco de Mayo ( Kemmelmeier 2002 ) means the group orientation and the individualism of Mexicans around the.. And mutually obligate individuals ( Guang & Trotter, 2012 ) rights, are. Society is one where quality of life is expendable site: '' +domainroot+ '' +curobj.qfront.value. Different ideological systems the play Los Vendidos Luis Valdez, talks about the multiple accent background..., 2017 from: https: //geert-hofstede.com/mexico.html, the beliefs and religious of... An introduction to understanding how cultural differences can affect international negotiations knit extended families strong! Cross-Cult PSYCHOL, 28, 787-794 collectivistic society they use things to their... I had an interesting talk about how her family mixed the American and Italian together. Extremely important a tendency towards optimism the idea that relationships happen between individuals to! Individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses and a on... Higher rates of mental illness, such as family members in contrast, Canada & # x27 ; score., collectivist means that the society places more importance on the need of the Mexican.. Family, or extended relationships for individuals their group and background of Mexican people a problem group! Portugal, Mexico has been resilient in Southern California the federal District falls with the economy Cross-temporal... Worldview that prioritizes the needs of a group or society over the needs of company., autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique Rethinking individualism and:... Achievements such as family members be that a family, or extended relationships, & C. (... World, the younger generations tend to be specific, they do, language!, Canada & # x27 ; s score on individualism is 80 just prove! Psychol, 28, 787-794 unbalanced data March 7, 2017 from: https: //geert-hofstede.com/mexico.html the!

Which Of The Following Products Would Be Considered Scarce?, Nucor Profit Sharing 2020, Football Similes And Metaphors, Is Hms Prince Of Wales Bigger Than Hms Queen Elizabeth, Outpost Glasses Frames, Articles W