economic importance of coconut

These includes two specimens named "Cocos" palaeonucifera and "Cocos" binoriensis, both were dated by their authors to the MaastrichtianDanian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos. One recently selected cultivar, the 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease. Mathur, P.N. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the sole species of the genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera and 600 species.It is a diploid with 32 chromosomes (2n=32), guma', Therefore, as well as dwarf cultivars, Slightly nutty odor, tender coconut, coconut oil and processed . [18][19][20] 37(9):830-5, 2004. Philippine and Malayan dwarf coconuts diverged early into two distinct types. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. It also plays a central role in the Coconut Religion of Vietnam. It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one tonne of copra. In addition to the traditional products of copra, coconut oil and copra meal, coconut has the unique advantage of producing a wide variety of food and environment friendly non-food products which are used both domestically and for a global export market. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. For for the bucking horse, see. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Perianth Tepals 6 arranged in two whorls of three each, persistent, and polyphyllous showing imbricate aestivation in both the whorls. Mature coconuts are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 3045 cm (1218 inches) in length and 1520 cm (68 inches) in diameter. Mature coconuts are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 3045 cm (1218 inches) in length and 1520 cm (68 inches) in diameter. Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. [57] Thor Heyerdahl provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki:[68]. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans by South Asian, Arab, and European sailors. The Coconut Palm (Cocos Nucifera L.) is referred as The Tree of Life due to its incredible value to man and the incredible number of products and by-products that can be created from it. [109] The production of coconuts is the main source of Sri Lanka economy, with 12% of cultivated land and 409,244 hectares used for coconut growing (2017). All of these introductions are within the last few centuries, relatively recent in comparison to the spread of Pacific coconuts.[49]. Coconut accounted for nearly 117 billion Indian rupees in the Indian economy in fiscal year 2020. The liquids inside of a coconut are available as Shredded sweetened coconut 100g 500 calories 48g carbs 43g sugar 35g fat 4. Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro et al. The coconut industry also generates employment and supports local businesses, contributing to the overall economic development of these communities. Consumers feel that fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are the healthiest formats available for processed fruits and vegetables, which has allowed the fresh-cut category to prosper. [145] They can also be processed to extract palm sugar. Fancy utensil can be prepare from shell. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace. Because of its properties that reduce appetite and boost metabolism, coconut oil can help in losing fat in the long term. Because coconut milk and oil nourish skin, moisturizing, restorative, vitality to skin, has a radiant effect. The fruit, meat, water, and milk of the coconut are all widely consumed as part of the diet in many parts of the world. According to epidemiological research published in 1981, a group of Polynesians for whom coconut represented 60% of the daily diet had no evidence of heart disease or hypercholesterolemia, despite the high lauric and myristic acid intake. From here, island-hopping via coral atolls lining the Tethys Sea, potentially boosted by the ocean currents at the time, would have proved crucial to dispersal, eventually allowing ancestral coconuts to reach India. [49][4][48][60], The coconut played a critical role in the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. The terminology is derived from the Tagalog language. And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a balsa raft moves with the wind behind it. Coconut is the most versatile tree in the world and is known as "the tree of life". The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites. Flowers are protandrous, the female flowers open, after the male flowers have withered. Saturated fat is associated with hypercholesterolemia high cholesterol , atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries , and heart disease. (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal. On account of this, thepalm has been regarded as Kalpvriksh (Tree of heaven). [103] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom. [43], The specific name nucifera is derived from the Latin words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'. This article was most recently revised and updated by. The Coconut Research Center describes the nut as rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals with oil comprising mainly medium-chain fatty acids. These varieties were selected for slower growth, sweeter coconut water, and often brightly-colored fruits. (2006). [66] However, it can also be argued that the placement of the vulnerable eye of the nut (down when floating), and the site of the coir cushion are better positioned to ensure that the water-filled nut does not fracture when dropping on rocky ground, rather than for flotation. From this vinegar jaggery and sugar is prepared. [26][27] In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejn Formation. Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. Over the course of evolutionary time-scales the shifting atolls would have shortened the paths of colonization, meaning that any one coconut would not have to travel very far to find new land. HE Moore Jr, NW Uhl. econom y of Sri Lanka. Coconuts were first domesticated by the Austronesian peoples in Island Southeast Asia and were spread during the Neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as the Pacific Islands, and as far west as Madagascar and the Comoros. [173] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. The discovery of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008. The day is recognized as the beginning of the joyful, colourful Holi celebrations and is seen as a symbolic triumph of good over evil. Traditionally, dessert banana plants and local wild beach flora such as Scaevola taccada and Ipomoea pes-caprae were used as humidity-supplying green undergrowth for coconut trees, mixed with sea almond and sea hibiscus. Traditional areas of coconut in India are the states of Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Goa, West Bengal, Pondicherry, Maharashtra and Islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. Coconut oil, from the seed of the palm coconut, Cocos nucifera, is highly revered in Asia as the "Tree of Life" or as the fruit of the gods. Omissions? The coconut is a versatile and valuable crop, with a range of uses that contribute to both local and global economies. It is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities, mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values. One of the primary economic contributions of the coconut is as a source of food. [178] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. Coconut plays a significant role in the agrarian economy of India. coconut, edible fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), a tree of the palm family (Arecaceae). De-husked coconuts typically weigh around 750 to 850 grams (1lb 10oz to 1lb 14oz). The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. The decreased buoyancy and increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not matter for a species that had started to be dispersed by humans and grown in plantations. In Coco Coir Global, we are honored to be the leading coir substrate manufacturing company with top-grade products that are trusted and confirmed by many customers around the world. [160], Coir (the fiber from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, doormats, brushes, and sacks, as caulking for boats, and as stuffing fiber for mattresses. C. binoriensis has been claimed by their authors to be the earliest known fossil of Cocos nucifera. Flowering occurs continuously. "[117] In the coconut industry, coconut meat can be classified loosely into three different types depending on maturity namely "Malauhog", "Malakanin" and "Malakatad". [118][119] Another method is to shake the coconut. [21][22], Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. Despite the economic importance of the palm, coconut production continued to show stagnancy in production, productivity, and trade in the recent decade (Sairam and Jayasekhar 2018). The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines (walis tingting). Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. Riung Wangi III No.53, Bandung, West Java. The player buys some small balls which are then thrown as hard as possible at coconuts balanced on sticks. They eventually form the edible solid endosperm (the "coconut meat" or "coconut flesh") which hardens over time. in semiotics from Brown University and completed coursework for an M.A. Coconuts probably originated somewhere in Indo-Malaya and are one of the most important crops of the tropics. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts that have drifted or been deposited by ocean currents. Narali Purnima is celebrated on a full moon day which usually signifies the end of monsoon season in India. In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.). It is the dominant form in the Indo-Atlantic coconuts. The socio-economic importance of coconut sector in Jamaica Although agriculture's contribution to Jamaica's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has steadily declined over the past two decades (and in 2009 stood at 5.2%), this sector absorbs 20% of the country's employed labour force. This, together with their use of the South American sweet potato, suggests that Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall (1,5002,500mm[5998in] annually), which makes colonizing shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward. [79][80][81], To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and Guam traditionally use bolos tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as d:ng.[158]. ; Diekmann, M. Every part of the palm is usable for human needs -- food, shelter and fiber. The coconut sector in the past has been dominated by products, copra and coconut oil, and the international coconut trade used to be driven by the demand for . Coconut oil is moisturizing and has been used for centuries as a hair tonic and skin care product. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar also referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway (but it is not known where they entered the water). A 100-gram (3+12-ounce) reference serving of raw coconut flesh supplies 1,480 kilojoules (354 kilocalories) of food energy and a high amount of total fat (33 grams), especially saturated fat (89% of total fat), along with a moderate quantity of carbohydrates (15g), and protein (3g). Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. Coconut water can be drunk fresh or used in cooking as in binakol. They are considered a rare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. These are grown for recreational purposes or as an income generator. The length of the coconut tree is also considerable. However, they can be eaten anytime after seven months (1, 2). [91][85] In other areas, like in Papua New Guinea, coconuts are simply collected when they fall to the ground. Because of their soft textures, they are unsuitable for grating. Some cultivars such as 'Fiji dwarf' form a large bulb at the lower stem and others are cultivated to produce very sweet coconut water with orange-colored husks (king coconut) used entirely in fruit stalls for drinking (Sri Lanka, India). (1992). This is in line with our tagline, Office : [114], The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. However, they can be found in humid areas with low annual precipitation such as in Karachi, Pakistan, which receives only about 250mm (9+34in) of rainfall per year, but is consistently warm and humid. For other uses, see, "Grated coconut" redirects here. Coconut assumes considerable significance in the national economy of coconut-growing countries in view of rural employment and income generation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division. Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known to recover from temperatures of 4C (25F). ; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A. [147][148], Coconut vinegar, made from fermented coconut water or sap, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the Philippines, where it is known as sukang tuba), as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka, especially Goan cuisine. He consulted the catalogue Herbarium Amboinense by Georg Eberhard Rumphius where Rumphius said that coccus was a homonym of coccum and coccus from Greek kokkos meaning "grain"[41] or "berry", but Romans identified coccus with "kermes insects"; Rumphius preferred the word cocus as a replacement. Though safer and faster than the climbing method, its main disadvantage is that it does not allow workers to examine and clean the crown of coconuts for pests and diseases. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Oilseeds, overall. The milk or cream obtained by squeezing the granted kernel diluteded in water is sued in many preparations. The fruit is adapted for ocean dispersal. Because the nuts can fall from a height of 30 yards, in Southern Asia and Australia, monkeys (e.g., Malaya macaques) are trained to harvest them. On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. The coconut water strengthens your immune system and removes bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, gum diseases and viruses which are causing cold, infection diseases and typhus. It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in Philippine cuisine for desserts, drinks, and pastries. Therefore, heavy turf grass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees. Ans : Ripening is characterised by an increase in the breakdown of starch within the fruit, as well as an increase in the number of simple sugars that are sweet in taste such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose as a result of this breakdown. It contains less than 3% of the original moisture content of coconut meat. Traditional Training of Pig-tailed Macaques as Coconut HarvestersM Bertrand; Science; Jan 1967. The tradition began in the 1910s, and has continued since. What are 10 uses for a coconut? [13] Like other fruits, it has three layers: the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. (2009). While theres no direct way to make your hair grow faster overnight, there are steps you can take to keep your hair healthy and long. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. Coconut palms are cultivated north of south Florida to roughly Cocoa Beach on the East Coast and Clearwater on the West Coast. As of 2006, the U. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. The biggest barrier to establishing an investment climate for coconut and an economic alternative to oil palm land area expansion is the critical lack of quality planting materials and coconut investment model. there are a lot of untapped economic potentials in the Coconut industry which need to be . It is produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. Some cultivars are more drought resistant such as 'West coast tall' (India) while others such as 'Hainan Tall' (China) are more cold tolerant. In addition, fossils of potential Cocos ancestors have been recovered from both Colombia and India. These two forms are referred to by the Samoan terms niu kafa for the elongated wild coconuts, and niu vai for the rounded domesticated Pacific coconuts. Domesticated coconuts also have more amounts of coconut water. Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. The study contended that an adaptation to coral atolls would explain the prehistoric and modern distributions of Cocos, would have provided the necessary evolutionary pressures, and would account for morphological factors such as a thick husk to protect against ocean degradation and provide a moist medium in which to germinate on sparse atolls. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list. What are the physical characteristics of a coconut? [70] In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers (also Austronesians) from their homelands in the southern islands of Polynesia.[39]. [27] Due to growing sedentary lifestyles and heavy-handed landscaping, a decline in these traditional farming and soil-fixing techniques has occurred. [4], A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from Island Southeast Asia (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the Indian subcontinent (the Indo-Atlantic group). He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more.[57]. Neera is fast becoming a popular drink. Partially defatted edible coconut grating is an excellent product and used in bakery and confectionary. [78] Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. Indonesia overtook it in 2010. Coconut flesh is either eaten raw or dried to form copra, the meat of the seed and the source for coconut oil. PETA later clarified that the use of macaques is not practiced in the Philippines, India, Brazil, Colombia, Hawaii, and other major coconut-producing regions. Domesticated Pacific coconuts, on the other hand, are rounded in shape with a thinner husk and a larger amount of endosperm. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18C (64F) and need a daily temperature above 22C (72F) to produce fruit. The fats in the coconut minimize the pores that attract dirt and bacteria and prevent skin from getting damaged. The meat of green coconuts is still developing, so they contain mostly water (2). [49][18][61], The niu kafa form is the wild ancestral type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. Furthermore, the exports of coconut products serve as the nation's prime foreign exchange earner. Lately, civil wars and crop failures have driven up the EU Rotterdam coconut oil price, which has doubled during 2010-2011, nearing $2,000 per tonne, according to the UK Grocer. Coconut is an important tree crop with diverse end-users and employment generation potentials. in history at New Mexico State University. Leaves are also woven into small piuches that are filled with rice and cooked to make pus and ketupat.[162]. Several countries economies are based on the coconut palm. Some dried coconut is purely coconut, but others are manufactured with other ingredients, such as sugar, propylene glycol, salt, and sodium metabisulfite. [76], Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. [20], The evolutionary history and fossil distribution of Cocos nucifera and other members of the tribe Cocoseae is more ambiguous than modern-day dispersal and distribution, with its ultimate origin and pre-human dispersal still unclear. coconut, edible fruit of the coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera ), a tree of the palm family (Arecaceae). As per 201415 statistics from Coconut Development Board of Government of India, four southern states combined account for almost 90% of the total production in the country: Tamil Nadu (33.8%), Karnataka (25.2%), Kerala (24.0%), and Andhra Pradesh (7.2%). The coconut is also an important economic resource for the production of fiber and other materials. Why Are There No Coconuts In North India? PT. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [67] This figure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size that forms the basis of the paper that makes this claim. [161] It is used in horticulture in potting compost, especially in orchid mix. 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. The production of coconuts plays an important role in the economy, with 25% of cultivated land (around 3.56 million hectares) used for coconut plantations and approximately 25 to 33% of the population reliant on coconuts for their livelihood. While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. [18][49] However, they may have also been partially selected for thicker husks for coir production, which was also important in Austronesian material culture as a source for cordage in building houses and boats. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. All rights reserved. The tender nut supplies coconut water, a popular thirst quencher of health and hygienic value. In foods, coconut is used in various preparations. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian outrigger boats. Grated coconut that is dehydrated by drying or baking is known as "desiccated coconut." Its development would . [150] Its chronic consumption may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising total blood cholesterol levels through elevated blood levels of LDL cholesterol and lauric acid. [146] The sap when fermented can also be made into coconut vinegar or various palm wines (which can be further distilled to make arrack). In 2020, world production of coconuts was 62 million tonnes, led by Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, with 75% combined of the total (table). [132] Coconut milk can be diluted to create coconut milk beverages. [134][135] It can also be diluted into a beverage. Elvira Bowen is a food expert who has dedicated her life to understanding the science of cooking. Although it shares similar characteristics to dwarf coconuts (including slow growth), it is genetically distinct and is thus believed to be independently domesticated, likely in Tonga. Coir Developments Much of coir production is done by small holders meaning production is scattered and at small volumes. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although most dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Copyright 2023 Cocoanesia. ; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). The importance of coconut palmoil subsequently decreased due to competition from other vegetable oils, particularly palm oil from Elaeis guineensis. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. The coconut palm is an important crop in many tropical countries, providing food products and raw materials for industries (Jones, 1991). [144], Coconut sap, usually extracted from cut inflorescence stalks is sweet when fresh and can be drunk as is such as in tuba fresca of Mexico (derived from the Philippine tub). The know-how of coconut cultivation and necessary soil fixation and irrigation may have found its way into Omani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra culture by people who returned from those overseas areas. Coconuts are grown in more than 93 countries in the world and therefore there is considerable scope to develop coir industry in further countries. The Hindu goddess of well-being and wealth, Lakshmi, is often shown holding a coconut. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk or coconut oil. Spread coconut flakes thinly on a baking sheet and put them in the oven for around five or 10 minutes until they're golden brown. [27][29][30] Conran et al. But we had laid about half among the special provisions below deck, with the waves washing around them. The inner posterior tepal is completely outside. [164] The smell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as -decalactone in the food and fragrance industries. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59 (7): 995.

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