Bodie has numerous abandoned structures scattered around fields and along the road. Then a rehabilitation group leased and then purchased the compound. These are MAJOR nuclear war targets, each one of these silo's will be hit with minimum one warhead with a fairly large yield as part of a Russian counterforce attack. The site was decommissioned in 1974 along with all other Nike sites due to improvements in other air defense technology. Major General Edward J. McGaw (1901-1972) commanding general of western Air Defenses, turned over control. The regular army units had the highest scores at annual firing practice in 1956, 1957, and 1958, taking home the prestigious Commanders Trophy. Abandoned Places In Hawaii 1. By 1964 funding from donations was enough to sustain the hospital. Youre in the right place. Bothregular United States Army and National Guard missilemen earned many awards at the annual Fort Bliss, Texas, firing practices. Its rumored that this one was one of four scuttled ships in the area that were abandoned during the 60s and 70s. All the Nike features have been removed. You've been real helpful, Kim IL Sung.". It housed a total of 12 different missile locations around Altus Air Force Base - 11 in Oklahoma and one in Texas. Hanford produced most of the nations plutonium for nukes, from 1943 to 1987. The contractor broke ground on December 1, 1959. Close. Many people say St. Ignatius is one of the most haunted abandoned places in Washington. Not to be confused with Bodie, CA, this Washington ghost town was established in 1900 as a mill town. Finally the Missile Tracking Radar guided the missile to its target. Some work will occur in Washington. But here's a disclaimer: Don't actually try GOING to any of these locations. But thats what creates the stability.. Washington also produced uranium for nuclear weapons, including at the Midnite Mine located on the Spokane Tribe of Indians reservation from 1955 to 1981. Texas Preppers Dream Home $985000. By 1929, much of the town had packed up and left looking for more opportunities and less chaos. Its a very important component of both the modernization and the future maintenance of the arsenal, Kristensen said. People who think it is okay to use that kind of weapon during war, I want them to rethink their position, he said. Finally, in 1910 a flood would cause even more destruction. Governor Albert D. Rosellini (b. Courtesy of US National Archives. Doctors refuse to say the problem could have been a result of working at Hanford, said one respondent. Source: Historic American Engineering Record, Ken Albertson summed up what several of our readers were thinking: "Thanks for the map. Five months later a Nike system of radars and missiles shot down a drone. The schoolhouse is the star of the show, being one of the most interesting abandoned buildings in the area. You can reach Battery 247 via McKenzie Head Trail which is a short 0.8-mile hike from the parking lot. After discovering that the Soviet Union was putting nuclear weapons in Cuba, President John Kennedy wanted them gone. The old productions facilities are under strict control for obvious reasons. A double launch site with twice the missiles of a usual launch facility, was in operation from September 1954 to March 1974. Youre in the right place. unison behavioral health douglas, ga. sample statement of purpose for masters in epidemiology; deities associated with lavender; fort hood military base The surrounding area has been transformed into a business park but the two cooling towers remain standing and vacant. The nuke-armed USS Henry M. Jackson at Puget Sound. The bridge and all of its glory is still intact, but its future is unclear. Spokane was home to Fairchild Air Force Base and additional bases. Thirteen-year-old Terumi Tanaka was at home in Nagasaki that day. On May 22, 1958, a crew was servicing Nike missiles at a site in Middletown, N.J. One missile exploded, starting a chain reaction that set off seven others, causing what the Associated Press . 20th Century Castles, LLC has sold 60 properties. The Hanford site, seen from Washington State Route 240. Below are 13 of my favorite abandoned places across our most northern state! For Jefferson extending out into the ocean. The Department of Energy instead turned to computer simulations and laboratory experiments to evaluate its stockpile, and established the Institute for Shock Physics at Washington State University to support these efforts. Titan II Missile Museum Arizona. By Alyssa Donovan. IN 1910 an avalanche nickname Tye crashed into the track near the western portal killing 101 people. A Missile Silo in Kansas Is on Sale for $380,000 on Zillow. AGO 1962 No. . Hydroponic-Food-Silo-4. With its conversion sites F-07 and F-37 closed. Operational from 1956 to March 1963. Visitors can pay to enter the park at an automated pay station or by using their annual Discover Pass. Today, the three operational ICBM wings in the US are Malmstom Air Force Base, Minot Air Force Base, and F.E. No guns remain, but the area is open to the public making this one of the few abandoned places in Washington that are legal to explore. Massive cooling towers pumped starch white smoke into the night sky, and the crackling and humming of high voltage power lines pulsated in the distance. Titan missile base for sale. S-82 Winslow/Bainbridge Island. Project 4.1 documents state two purposes first, to study how radiation impacts the human body. Construction was underway at permanent locations. During the cold war, Nike missile sites would keep a watchful eye over our skies defending key cities and the capital. Ian Frazier, Great Plains, 1989. However, the state of Washington, in exercising its jurisdiction, may not act in a manner which will embarrass the federal government . This was called Project 4.1. With closure, the sites stood vacant for years, vandalized and deteriorated. However, today little remains to recall how these impressive Cold War installations defended the region. Atlas Missile Silo. Bainbridge Island Parks took over the control and launch areas in 1974. This decommissioned Atlas F missile Silo was the first of the Super-Hardened silos designed to survive a nuclear strike! Due to the sensitive nature of these places and the danger they pose, well keep their exact location undisclosed. That product: plutonium. Asking price. "The silo construction at Yumen and Hami constitutes the most significant expansion of the Chinese nuclear arsenal ever," wrote Matt Korda and Hans Kristensen. After sitting empty for a number of years, the former Washington missiles bases have been converted into parks, military camps, and to private ownership. The local cemetery has a number of tombs dating back to the early 1900s. The Nike missile system would serve as a powerful defense from 1954 to 1974. The mall began to, Read More 17 Abandoned Places In Wisconsin [MAP]Continue, 2023 Urbex Underground - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP, Cheshire Ohio The Cursed Ohio Ghost Town That Was Stolen Twice, Ultimate Guide to Finding Abandoned Places. H-83 Priest Rapids. The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production facility that was established in 1943. Credit: The town served as a natural resting stop along the way. The Hercules sites had 12 to 18 missiles. The first successful Nike missile test took place on November 15, 1951. ". The unique Cold War-era relic is part of an 11-acre Kansas lot on the market for $380,000. Natalie Newcomb contributed to the reporting for this story. The other is the main silo where the missile and fuel was held. Jon Floyd August 25, 2022. Second, to provide medical care for those harmed. After radioactivity poisoned much of their traditional diet, the Marshallese also have high diabetes rates. The tunnel was opened to allow trains safe passage during the winter season to avoid avalanches and other complications with heavy snowfall. Buy your own Titan I missile silo for $1.5M. In 1947, with the realization that Soviet bombers could reach targets in the United States, the missile program took on more importance. 47.74054, -118.81915Photo Credit: Mr. Bittacy flickr.com. On a December night in 1949, the Air Force deliberately released radioactive gases into the atmosphere around Hanford, which spread through Oregon and Washington. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'urbexunderground_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',190,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-urbexunderground_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Whats left? If you go, be sure to time your trip with low tide so you can get as close as possible to the ship. The Nike Hercules remained in service longer, until 1974. Since that time there have been hundreds of Atlas, Titan, Minuteman and Peacekeeper sites constructed all the way from Texas to North Dakota, New Mexico to Montana. Youre in the right place. Each Washington Nike installation had three separate sites. Many Washington Nike missile sites lasted only four to five years. Locals even attempted to reconstruct the hotel. . China is building more than 100 new missile silos in its western desert, analysts say. The town flourished reaching a population of about 400. This year, a University of Washington study found that data doesnt support a pervasive pattern of occupational disease for workers at one of Hanfords most toxic areas. Missile Base Specialists. The one that Davenport bought in 2006 for . Nike Site S-13/14 is one of over 100 different missile defense bases located across the country. The flat, wide-open spaces of Eastern and Central Washington were also appealing, making missiles easier to launch. Lately, many have been closed and the . Below are 15 of my favorite abandoned places across the islands of Hawaii! Here is a video I made of our hike in and dive into the silos. Operational from 1956 to March 1974. How Many Missile Silos Are In Washington State? Earlier this week, NPR ran a short series I did on America's land . General Leslie Groves head of the secret project, and a Seattle Queen Anne High School alumnus approved the site. just 20 minutes from roswell, new mexico on u.s. highway 380. this site sits on approximately 8.26 acres. Most Marshallese dont want to come to the U.S., they would far rather stay, said Narruhn, who is Marshallese on her fathers side. June 30, 2021 at 3:25 p.m. EDT. Discover Atlas Missile Silo Home in Saranac, New York: Secluded amid upstate New York's Adirondack Mountains lies this subterranean emblem of a nation on the brink of nuclear war. The main silo is 180ft tall from the base to the blast doors. Only one of the four would be converted from Nike Ajax to Nike Hercules. Boeing 727 & NA CT-39A. It was officially closed when the Harbor Defense Command was deactivated in 1953. The town was left completely vacant in 1942. The Cold War-era facility costs just a little more than the average American home. Multiple workers also wrote that they dont trust Hanfords record-keeping. A Missile Master facility assigned targets among the fire positions. With its establishment plans went forward to install Nike missile defenses at important target areas. If youve never seen a Nike missile base, this is a great example of one left abandoned. The control areabecame Eagledale Park and the launchbecame Strawberry Hill Park. The Pentagon plans to spend $264 billion on its next-generation ICBM program, which . . To nearly everyone, the news of what Richland was helping to make came as a complete surprise, reported The Villager, a local newspaper. . Possibly one of the oldest abandoned military bases is located in the middle of the ocean, just west of Key West. The town was founded by an investor and his promoter who had a stake in the Molson Beer and banking business. To date, this marks the deadliest avalanche in U.S history. Atlas Missile Silo. The Titan I (SM-68A) program began in January 1955 and took shape in parallel with the Atlas (SM-65/HGM-25) intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Nine Titan I silos split between three sites (3 x 3) at Odessa, Warden, and Quincy would be built . The 82-foot-tall missile had a speed reaching nearly 16,000 miles per hour. Fairchild Air Force Base played a role in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Both ends of the tunnel can be explored with parking available near the Iron Goat Trail Head. Beneath the still waters of Puget Sound, submarines loaded with nukes patrol the Kitsap Peninsula and beyond. A document written months before the fallout occurred referenced Project 4.1. 1910) participated in the ceremony. It had a nuclear warhead so could destroy entire formations. The Cloverland Hotel is also still standing. Titan Looking up at the silo doors. Trident missile upgrades are also underway. War. * * * missile bases available * * *. Garza said these illnesses stemmed from his 33-year career at Hanford, where he was exposed to high levels of mercury and other toxins. The radars and administrative facilities were at the control facility. Operational from January 1957 to March 1966. F-37 Cheney. Let's take a tour inside the underground bunker and explore. (Survival Condo Project) Source: Missile site up for sale. F-07 Airway Heights, Spokane. Titan II. A more powerful missile, it had a range of 50 miles and altitude of 100,000-feet. F-37 Cheney 1.8 E Four Lakes ((P) WAANG; 105 TCS) [GPS 47-33-05, 117-33-11 (became Four Lakes Communications Station, USAF) ] L - 6 NE, Newkirk Rd & Lyon Rd [(Sept 2011) --- the 256th moved to Fairchild AFB as part of a Base Realignment Program.Back in 1993, when I was still in the ANG (another unit) I rode one of the still-working missile elevators to the missile bay, where the 256th had kept . Missile Silo Bravo is a location in Fallout 76. Then the Target Tracking Radar locked onto the target and kept tracking it despite possible evasive action. The Hercules would be installed at six Washington locations, employing existing Ajax facilities. The battery was built around 1943 and was one of three batteries that protected the mouth of the Columbia River. Also some used to be in Arkansasthe Titan or Atlas missilesuntil one blew its fuel loadbecause of a dropped wrenchand threw its payload quite a distance. No launch facilities are intact. The launch site near 95th Avenue and 195th Northeast is now private property. Below are 14 different ghost towns you can explore across the great state of Michigan along with their status and exact GPS coordinates. Coco Palms Resort 22.04983, -159.33529 History: An abandoned hotel on Hawaiis oldest islands east shore is slowly being reclaimed by nature and becoming a visit-worthy abandoned, Read More 15 Abandoned Places In Hawaii [MAP]Continue, If youre searching for ghost towns in Michigan, weve got you covered! H-52 Rattlesnake Mountain. Just like in the photos the bike has been consumed by the trunk of the tree. extensive interior and exterior cleanup has . He copes with neurological and lung damage, loss of smell, difficulty balancing, and partial vision loss. Today we explor. The first Nike Hercules sites became operation in June 1958. In the 60s the city of Tacoma set out to shut down the town to protect the drinking water of its city. This silo was once filled with many levels of equipment to service, fuel and guide the missile. 46.55068, -119.48897Photo Credit: wpsr.org. . I saw the complete unbearably miserable destruction.. There are plenty of places I kept off this list so get out there and explore. Initially, Horton, Fairchilds historian, told KUOW that all nuclear weapons were definitively removed from the base in 1991, suggesting the bunker didnt have nukes at the time. Monday, September 22, 2014 3:45pm. 1,487 unclaimed bodies are buried on the grounds of the crumbling hospital, making this potentially one of the most haunted abandoned places in Washington. F-45 Medical Lake. The control and launch facilities have been demolished. Many were simply drug abusers, homeless, or suffered from mild depression. She worked to save the school but it was ultimately closed along with the rail line in 1985. An Eastern WA man records 180,000 UFO sightings, even if others debunk them. Many previous owners have opened up ghost tours alongside history tours. By 1980 only 26 people lived in the town. S-13 and S-14 Redmond. All nine aimed at Cuba. Can you now publish the GPS coordinates. The complex stood vacant until 1969. nuclear missile silo locations map uk by | Apr 23, 2022 | messi neymar suarez champions league | blank 9fifty snapback wholesale | Apr. As warships and airplanes became more advanced, Fort Casey was decommissioned and deemed obsolete. One of the most popular stories is that a boy tied his bike to the tree before being sent off to war. n 1996, the U.S. signed the United Nations Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, banning live nuclear weapons tests. While in operation, these missile sites were manned by the US Air Force 24 hours day/365 days a year. Abandoned Places In Alaska 1. As long as we made sure not to disturb the silt on the beams, the visibility in the silos was pretty great. Washington has been at all levels a cornerstone of the U.S. nuclear enterprise, said Hans Kristensen, director of the Federation of American Scientists Nuclear Information Project. A reevaluation of the threat in the 1970s led to closing the Nike installations. The plan was there would be a total of five nuclear power plants at the Satsop site generating power. Looking down the silo from the launcher elevator motor platform. Each warhead could destroy a city, kill millions, and jeopardize the environment and future generations through long-term catastrophic effects, according to a United Nations web page. One diagram in particular raised a few eyebrows: It showed the location of a Missile Alert Facility, along with the silos for 10 nuclear weapons. The Titan II held a W53 warhead with an incredible nine megatons of explosive power (three times the explosive power of . The German idea of an underground missile silo was adopted and developed by the United States for missile launch facilities for its intercontinental ballistic missiles. To prepare the public, the army had Nike missile exhibits at Fort Lawton and Mount Rainier Ordnance Depot (adjacent to Fort Lewis) open houses in May 1954. Construction halted in 1983 after the parent company failed to sell enough bonds to fund the rest of the project. We rate ghost towns in North Carolina based on their status. Not all studies say this, however. These projects have contributed to a robust nuclear presence in the military, a booming nuke industry and death and injury to hundreds of thousands of people in Washington state and across the Pacific. A missile assembly building is now a storage unit. More than half of the potential arsenal is in Amarillo, Texas, at the Pantex plant, which will dismantle them. The U.S. also experimented on Marshallese people without consent. In this post [ show] But the Soviets refused they already had American nukes in their own backyard, and wanted to help Cuba deter further U.S. aggression. The labs spokesman first commented that it has not been involved in nuclear weapons (research & development)., When pressed on specifics, the laboratorys senior public affairs advisor, Greg Koller, clarified that it has done work to support the nations nuclear deterrent.. (8L-H), This data is from the book To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 30th LRS air terminal: a small shop with large responsibilities - Santa Maria Times (subscription), U.S. Senate OKs amendment requiring annual missile defense tests - Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, US missile site in Ravenna to get first public airing - Akron Beacon Journal, Pentagon Launches Test Missile from Vandenberg - NBC 7 San Diego, Law Enforcement Torch Run crosses VAFB - Santa Maria Times (subscription), Iridium's SpaceX launch slowed by Vandenberg bottleneck - SpaceNews, US Air Force test-launches Minuteman missile from Vandenberg Air Force Base - LA Daily News, Missile-Defense Interceptor Flies From Vandenberg Air Force Base - Noozhawk, Seven detained at Vandenberg missile protest - Santa Maria Sun, L-3 Wins Consolidated Air Force Satellite Control Network Contract - Signal Magazine, Final Titan Rocket Launch Ends an Era (10/20/2005), Peacekeeper nuclear missile officially deactivated (9/20/2005), Blue Origin rocket plans detailed (6/13/2005), To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, Intact, Pacific North Weatern Laboratories Headquarters, Intact, Pacific North Western Laboratories Headquarters, Partially Intact, Cougar Mountain Regional Wildlife Park, Partially Intact, FEMA Agency Region X HQ, Partially Intact, King County Parks and Kent School District, Intact, North Kitsap County School District, Spectrum Alternative Center, Partially Intact, King County Sheriff's Department, Intact, Maple Valley Christian School, South King County Activity Center (shared launch with S-33), Intact, USAR Center, 104th Division, Training, Intact, Maple Valley Christian School, South King Counth Activity Center (shared launch with S-32), Intact, South Kitsap School District and Frank Raab Municipal Park, Intact, WAArNG, scheduled for development, Partially Intact, Vashon Island Equestrian Park and Nike Events Center. T he WS-107A-2 launcher silo is an intensely hardened protective container, 40' in diameter and 155' deep, constructed from specially formulated concrete and tons of reinforcing steel rods, some of which are well over an inch thick. ashington state is a key player in the nuke industry business is booming, as the U.S. modernizes its arsenal. Deterrence is the theory that the threat of nuclear weapons prevents violence and war including nuclear war. Box 2160 Spokane, WA 99210 Customer service: (509) 747-4422 Newsroom: (509) 459-5400 Local News Northwest. By 1930 the mill had closed, leaving many people without work or opportunity in Bodie. The missiles were stored in underground magazines and brought to the surface by an elevator and placed on launchers. Its launch station was on Graham Road and now within a housing development. Many of these locations hold warheads awaiting dismantlement. Washington was a strategic location during the Cold War allowing Minuteman rockets and other nuclear-capable vehicles to reach the Soviet Union in . They formed a circle or steel ring of defenses around Fairchild Air Force Base. Unfortunately, Elberton was hit with a streak of bad luck. Unlike other mining towns that mined gold, silver, or uranium, Lester simply mined for coal to supply the steam engines that traversed the Northern Pacific rail line. Moses Lake, Washington (WA), US. We are the leader in this niche. About two years before that, the Manhattan Project arrived at Hanford in eastern Washington. The facilities were located in the Seattle-Puget Sound area, Spokane, and the nuclear facility at Hanford. The control site was at 95th Avenue NE and 172nd and today is a National Guard facility with the former barracks and administrative buildings in use. We rate ghost towns in Michigan based on their status. This site defended the nations capitol starting on May 30, 1954. Add dive. The bridge was the second-highest railroad trestle towering over the forest at 347 feet. A 1961 decommissioned Atlas-F intercontinental ballistic missile silo complex is for sale. These two ominous cooling towers were part of Washington Nuclear Project Nos. The F-45 control complex was located on Fancher Road and today is private property. These silos are among some of the most dangerous abandoned places in Washington so please only explore if you are truly prepared. Looking straight across the silo. Researchers using commercial satellite images spotted 119 . . Home; Documents; Missiles. A majority of 1,600 former or current Hanford workers, surveyed for a Department of Commerce report released in June, said they were exposed to toxins. By August 1961, one site had pumps removing 175,000 gallons a day. While there are certainly larger abandoned places in Washington, the bicycle tree is probably one of the most unique sites Ive visited. Dont pass up Molson if youre in the area. These included the supersonic Nike missile system emplaced around Seattle, Spokane / Fairchild Air Force Base, and the Hanford nuclear facility. Nuclear Missile Silos: Inside Upstate New York's Hottest New Real Estate Trend Would-be home buyers with enough disposal income can now purchase subterranean, luxury dream homes. Were sort of forced refugees.. The first operational Nike facility went up at Fort George G. Mead, Maryland. The missiles and their command bunkers have been in the same place "for decades," Air Force Capt. Newmont Mining, the parent of the company which operated Midnite Mine, declined to comment. When you try to keep things too secret, the people who should know about it don't., The Navy will tell you we havent had an accident with a Trident missile in 40 years, which is in my mind a very poor argument, Milner said. J. Overton responded that the Navy takes security around these nukes very seriously, but declined to comment on specifics. Credit: While the hospital had a relatively solid reputation, patients were subject to horrifying treatments like electroshock therapy, lobotomies, and heavy sedation. Beneath the still waters of Puget Sound, submarines loaded with nukes patrol the Kitsap Peninsula and beyond. These tests determined the system effective and ready for fielding. The blast and thermal effects within a dozen miles or so of each of these silo's will be deadly, and the fallout radiation will . Only a small group of ranchers called Cloverland home until being completely abandoned a short time later.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'urbexunderground_com-leader-3','ezslot_14',185,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-urbexunderground_com-leader-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'urbexunderground_com-leader-3','ezslot_15',185,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-urbexunderground_com-leader-3-0_1');.leader-3-multi-185{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Unfortunately, costs ballooned out of control resulting in management changes for the project. The first Nike Hercules sites became operation in June 1958. Youre in the right place. The control facility was on Newkirk Road, northwest of Fairchild Air Force Base, and today is a closed federal installation. To understand how the system worked, a preserved Nike Missile launch site can be visited in San Francisco within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Expect steep drops in the housing areas and rusted flooring from years of moisture. (And the U.S. sends its own observers to Russia.). Deactivated silos were located in Arizona, California, Idaho, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, New York, South Dakota, Texas, and Washington. Radioactive human testing happened in Washington, too. The base's 150 missiles are . Secrecy is where the problem lies, Milner said. The Titan II was the largest ICBM ever deployed by the U.S. Air Force. Battelle Memorial Institute, which operates the laboratory, was Washingtons second-largest recipient of federal contracts over the last year, $1.3 billion. Existing antiaircraft defenses could not bring down large numbers of attacking bombers. Restoring the bridge was deemed too expensive and talks of transforming it into a bungee jumping platform are still ongoing. These doors weigh about 115 tons each! Battery OFlyng is one of the more historic abandoned places in Washington with this site dating back to 1904. Operational from1956 to December 1961. Cmdr. Famed author Berkeley Breathed who grew up on the island wrote about the bike in his book Red Ranger Came Calling. The secret world of nukes in Washington state. One diagram in particular raised a few eyebrows: It showed the location of a Missile Alert Facility, along with the silos for 10 nuclear weapons. Idaho, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, New York, South Dakota, Texas, and Washington. silly. Washington has over a dozen different missile defense sites and ICBM silos dotted across the state. The town sprung up sometime around the early 1900s and by 1908 nearly 250 residents called Lester home. Fort Jefferson, Florida. h/t "The Titan 1 missile system was kind of. One is 2 stories tall and served as the command room and crew quarters. Of the 18 silos commissioned, nine were in . Longitude: -119.21 deg. See Our Inventory. Recent Department of Energy estimates expect that it will take decades and an additional $677 billion to finish the cleanup.
Woba Baseball Leaders,
Martin Hotel Salad Dressing,
Articles M