shmita years since 1900

The Shmita years are those divisible by 7. (Under the reasoning of the heter mechira the shmita does not apply to land owned by non-Jews, so its produce does not have shevi'it sanctity. Some say it is still biblically binding, as it has always been. Young presents a linguistic argument against this interpretation, as follows: Others have imagined that Isa 37:30 and its parallel in 2 Kgs 19:29 refer to a Sabbatical year followed by a Jubilee year, since the prophecy speaks of two years in succession in which there would be no harvest. [73] Zuckermann also held that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years,[74] as did Robert North in his notable study of the Jubilees. 24), which is placed in the 18th year of Josiah (Megillah 14b). According to the Torah, observance of Jubilee only applies when the Jewish people live in the land of Israel according to their tribes. [2] A variety of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of shmita produce. Lev 25:6 ASV: "6 And the sabbath of the land shall be for food for you; for thee, and for thy servant and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant and for thy stranger, who sojourn with thee.". As a result, hydroponics use has been increasing in Haredi farming communities.[45]. There are explicit mentions of a Sabbatical year found in Josephus, 1 Maccabees, and in various legal contracts from the time of Simon bar Kokhba. Recital of Deuteronomy 7:15 by Agrippa I in a post-Sabbatical year, making the Sabbatical year 41/42. Whatever the exact meaning is for this word, its use in Isaiah's prophecy and its prohibition in Lev 25:5 means that the first year of the Isaiah and Second Kings passages could not have been a Sabbatical year. The Shmita years are those divisible by 7. Produce grown during the sixth year, to which the laws of the seventh year do not apply. [99] These cases of usage of the Jubilee/Sabbatical cycles make no provision for the possibility of the Sabbatical cycles being out of phase with the Jubilee cycles, which is additional evidence that the Jubilee was contemporaneous with the seventh Sabbatical year. A major part of the shmita year is also debt forgiveness. [66][67][68] Although the original Mosaic legislation stated that an indentured servant's term of service was to end six years after the service started (Deuteronomy 15:12), later practice was to associate the Sabbatical year, called a year of release (shemitah) in Deuteronomy 15:9, with the release of slaves. It has been 65 years since the formal state of Israel has been estbalished, and the question of what to do with Shmita is very much alive. Shmita a Torah commandment that requires croplands in Israel to lie fallow every seventh year (shmita means "release" in Hebrew) begins on Rosh Hashanah, at sundown on Wednesday, Sept. 24. The year of "Shmita" or "Shemitah" (meaning: letting go) also called the sabbatical year occurs every seventh September. silvestre), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), wild coriander (Coriandrum sativum), parsley growing alongside rivers (Apium graveolens), garden rocket growing in marshlands (Eruca sativa), sweet marjoram (Majorana syriaca), white-leaved savory (Micromeria fruticosa), and the like of such things. Bryant G. Wood, "The Rise and Fall of the 13th-Century Exodus-Conquest Theory". The heter mechira (leniency of sale), developed for the Shmita year of 18881889, permitted Jewish farmers to sell their land to non-Jews so that they could continue to work the land as usual during Shmita. [32], When certain farmers began to secretly sow their fields during the Seventh Year and to harvest what they had planted, and to cover-up their action by saying that such produce was a mere aftergrowth from last year's planting, the Sages of Israel were compelled to enact restrictions on Seventh Year produce and to forbid all aftergrowths (Hebrew: ) of grain, legumes and those vegetables which are usually planted by mankind, in order to put an end to their deception. Moreover, the laws governing the Jubilee (e.g. This opinion is now called Minhag Yerushalayim "the custom of Jerusalem", and was adopted by many Haredi families, by British Mandate Palestine, and by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.[23]. Ezekiel's vision occurred in the 25th year of the captivity of Jehoiachin (Ezekiel 40:1). Ptolemy slays the brethren of. If it is the same as the shabbat ha-arets ( ) that was permitted to be eaten in a Sabbath year in Leviticus 25:6, then there is a ready explanation why there was no harvest: the second year, i.e. Just as the Torah calls for Jews to work six days and rest on the seventh, it calls for them to work the land six days and let it rest in the seventh. Thus, with the exile of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Menashe (about 600 BCE) Jubilee has not been applicable. The proper understanding of the passage is that the harvest of the first year had been destroyed by the Assyrians, and the defeat of the Assyrian army came too late in the year to allow sowing that year. We then had 2 Kings 19:29 which gave us a 49th-year Shmita of 701 BC., and the Jubilee year of 700 BC. This Talmudic device was revived in modern times as an alternative to the heter mechira.[23]. The Shmita years are those divisible by 7. Since it is simply a mechanism for open distribution, any individual is still entitled to collect produce from a field or orchard on his own. When we bless God for our food, we draw the sanctity of the Land into our eating[39], All good and blessing are the life of Jewish people. The 50th year of the land, which is also a Shabbat of the land, is called "Yovel" in Hebrew, which is the origin of the Latin term "Jubilee", also meaning 50th. [4] It is also debated how the biblical seventh fallow year would fit in with, for example Assyrian practice of a four-year cycle and crop rotation, and whether the one year in seven was an extra fallow year. Sarna, "Zedekiah's Emancipation", 144-145. It is still discussed among scholars of the Ancient Near East whether or not there is clear evidence for a seven-year cycle in Ugaritic texts. During the Shmita year, a lot of . Since this aspect of shmita is not dependent on the land, it applies to Jews both in Israel and elsewhere. The first Shmita year in the modern State of Israel was 19511952 (5712 in the Hebrew calendar). 1916-1917 Shmita Year - 40% U.S. Stock market value wiped out. Sabbatical year. However, in reality, it is identical only in appearance as prices are controlled, and may correspond only to expenses, with no profit allowed. Further, the reference of the Seder Olam to a Sabbatical year associated with Jehoiachin is in keeping with a Sabbatical year when the First Temple was burned a few years later, but the Seder Olam would be in conflict with itself if the phrase in chapter 30 was interpreted as saying that the burning was in a post-Sabbatical year. I know this question/answer is about the 20th century, but I was wondering if there was an effect on Shmitta/Hebrew calendar when they dropped 10 days when first starting Gregorian dating in 1582anyone know? Within this post, I will prove to you, within reason, the correct seventh Sabbath years or Shemitah years from the vantage point of the 6th Day War. have a look at the table below. he considered that a Sabbatical year started in Tishri of 38 BCE. Could the passages in Isaiah 37 and 2 Kings 19 be referring to two voluntary fallow years? At least one study has addressed this problem, arguing from both a linguistic standpoint and from a study of related texts in the Seder Olam that the phrase ve-motsae sheviit should be translated as something close to "and in the latter part of a Sabbatical year", consistent with Guggenheimer's translation and Wacholder's calendar. These rules apply to all outdoor agriculture, including private gardens and even outdoor potted plants. The Shmita years since the establishment of the modern state of Israel have been :1951-52, 1958-59, 1965-66, 1972-73, 1979-80, 1986-87, 1993-94, 2000-01, 2007-08, 2014-15. What are we supposed to do during the shemita year? In a study the chronology of all Herod's reign, Andrew Steinmann presents arguments in favor of dating Herod's capture of Jerusalem in 10 Tishre of 37 BCE, i.e. Ruach ("wind") also means "spirit" in particular, the "spirit of Divine inspiration". There exists a major difference of opinion between two Acharonim, Joseph Karo and Moses ben Joseph di Trani, as to whether produce grown on land in Israel which is owned by non-Jews also has sanctity. This is in keeping with the statement in Seder Olam chapter 30, properly translated as discussed above, that put the burning of the First Temple, as well as the Second, in the "latter part" of a Sabbatical year. The next Shmita cycle will be in 2028-2029, year 5789 in Hebrew calendar. Sabbatical years have been used to fix the exact time of historical events, as shown in traditional Jewish chronology, but which are rarely understood by modern chroniclers of ancient history.[80]. The tractate comprises ten chapters in the Mishna and eight in the Tosefta and has thirty-one folio pages of Gemara in the Jerusalem Talmud. 25:27; comp. For this reason, it does not apply to produce grown under the heter mechira for those who accept it. I am trying to find the gregorian dates that are equivalent to Elul 29. but only those that close the 7-year Shemitah cycle since 2008. 2 Chronicles 17:79; cf. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Subsequent Shmita years have been 19581959 (5719), 19651966 (5726), 19721973 (5733), 19791980 (5740), 19861987 (5747), 19931994 (5754), 20002001 (5761), 20072008 (5768), and 20142015 (5775). release of Hebrew bondmen, and the return of leased property to its original owners, etc.) shmita years since 1900. ashlyn 72" ladder bookcase / la montagne jean ferrat partition piano pdf / shmita years since 1900. shmita years since 1900. We're now less than a month away from the end of the current shmita as well as the current yubilee-year. This is a concept that we as Jews don't deal with at all during non-Shmita years. @Gary. You can do this using any of a variety of calendar conversion apps and websites, such as http://www.hebcal.com/converter/. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? According to Karo, such produce has no sanctity and may be used and/or discarded in the same way as any produce grown outside of Israel. It is permissible to choose three people whom one knows will not claim the produce for themselves, even though they are legally entitled to.[23]. Second battle of Beth-Zur; summer 162 BCE. While the mitzva of terumah and ma'aser does still exist halachically in Israel today, no one is actually eating that food. This day is the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, which falls in Sept. - Oct. Rosh Hashanah 2021 to Oct 2022. When the cheque is returned or not honoured at the end of the year the land reverts to its original owners. Jose was a young man when the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and burned the Temple. plants sprouting by themselves) are available to animals in the fields. The Sabbatical year continues to be observed every seventh year (the most recent Shemittah year was 5768 on the Jewish calendar2007-08), but because we are in a state of galut (exile), deprived of the divine presence that manifested itself in the Holy Temple, we lack even the theoretical Jubilee of the Second Temple era. It is of some interest, then, that the Babylonian Talmud (tractate Sanhedrin 40a,b) records that in the time of the judges, legal events such as contracts or criminal cases were dated according to the Jubilee cycle, the Sabbatical cycle within the Jubilee cycle, and the year within the Sabbatical cycle. Love God your Lord, hear His voice, and devote yourselves to Him. According to the Leviticus passage, the first Sabbatical year should have started in Tishri of 1400 if the people faithfully observed the Mosaic legislation, and the first Jubilee was due 42 years after that, in 1358/57 BCE. Entry into land; beginning of counting for Jubilee and Sabbatical years, as calculated from observance of 17th Jubilee in 574/73 BCE and (independently) from 1 Kings 6:1. For those in the Diaspora, the Sabbatical year has two practical ramifications: a) Produce which is imported from Israel must have rabbinical certification, and is also subject to certain laws and restrictions due their sanctity. [37], An ancient practice in the Land of Israel was to permit the gathering of spring onions which grew of themselves during the Seventh Year, after the first rains had fallen upon them and sprouted. The Shemitah year (also spelled as Shmita) is a Sabbatical year also referred to as the seventh year. Therefore, in 2003, an article by Rodger Young showed that the texts that Thiele could not reconcile were in harmony when it was assumed that Solomon died before Tishri 1 in the (Nisan-based) year in which the kingdom divided, rather than in the half-year after Tishri 1 as assumed, without explanation, by Thiele. The Samaritan community apparently used this method of dating as late as the 14th century CE, when an editor of one of the writings of the Samaritans wrote that he finished his work in the sixty-first Jubilee cycle since the entry into Canaan, in the fourth year of the fifth Sabbatical of that cycle. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? A person's life force comes principally from the Torah (Likutey Moharan II, 78: 2). The Shemitah Year is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah for the Land of Israel and still observed in contemporary Judaism. Assuming a 49-year cycle, the nearest Jubilee would have been in 721 BC, inconsistent with attempts to place a Jubilee after the Sabbatical year at this time. The shmittah year was celebrated the year that Herod the Great laid siege to Jerusalem, in the year [Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2837_BC%29 "The besieged suffered from lack of provisions, compounded by a famine brought about by the sabbatical year" The year 588/587 BCE was also the year that Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians, consistent with the Babylonian records for the reign of Amel-Marduk and the Scriptural data regarding Jehoiachin and Zedekiah. The Israel Supreme Court, however, ordered the Chief Rabbinate to rescind its ruling and to devise a single national ruling. While obligatory to the Orthodox as a matter of religious observance, observance of the rules of Shmita is voluntary so far as the civil government is concerned in the contemporary State of Israel. [43] The last Shmita year began on Rosh Hashanah in September 2014, corresponding to the Hebrew calendar year 5775. So for each of these, you want to find the Gregorian date for 1 Tishrei and 29 Elul. What is the Kashrut status of Sefichim harvested during Shmita? He then waits to give the witnesses a chance to claim the produce. Accordingly, wine made from grapes grown in the land of Israel during the Shmita year is subject to the full strictures of Shmita. The next Shmita (Sabbatical) Year begins on September 6th, 2021 and ends on September 26th, 2022. The law does not apply to land in the Diaspora. [38], The laws governing Aftergrowths apply only to crops grown in the Land of Israel.[31]. He assumes that the sabbatical ", C. F. Keil and Delitzsch F., Commentary on the Old Testament, 10 vols. . "Hanukkah 8th day/Tevet 3/New Years Day" triple coincidences - What makes them so Rare? [33][35][36] Had any of these been kept watch over in the courtyard of a house, their aftergrowths would be forbidden to eat in the Seventh Year. Shmita is therefore abundance of Nature until it becomes holy. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. . The Edah HaChareidis, which follows Minhag Yerushalayim, buys produce from non-Jewish farms in Israel and sells it as "non-Shmita produce". 1916 . September 17, 1917 - September 6 1918 Jubilee - Balfour Declaration. [21], The ancient idea of an otzar beit din (storehouse of the rabbinical court) is mentioned in the Tosefta (Sheviit 8, 1). If the land is fenced etc., gates must be left open to enable entrance. They also devised a system, called otzar beit din, under which a rabbinical court supervised a communal harvesting process by hiring workers who harvested the fields, stored it in communal storage facilities, and distributed it to the community.[23]. Various scholars have conjectured that Zedekiah's release of slaves, described in Jeremiah 34:8-10, would likely have been done at the start of a Sabbatical year. 12.9.5/378, 1 Maccabees 6:53), dated by Zuckermann to 163/162 BCE. Bernstein has a radical idea for advocating for change. the ground) rest and lie fallow, so that the poor among your people may eat from the field and the wild animals may consume what they leave. When the land was sold under such an arrangement, Jews could continue to farm it. In the late 19th century, in the early days of Zionism, Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor came up with a halakhic means of allowing agriculture to continue during the Shmita year. Furthermore, all agents of the beit din are appointed only if they commit to distributing the produce in accordance with the restrictions that result from its sanctity."[23]. It only takes a minute to sign up. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? If a 50-year Jubilee cycle is assumed, the nearest Jubilee would be 724/723, and then assuming that a Sabbatical cycle began in the year following a Jubilee, neither 701/700 nor 700/699 would be a Sabbatical year. Rabbi Ellen Bernstein, Shomrei Adamah's founder, is an author and feminist activist. Plants inside a building are exempt. He established six days of work and one day of rest each week. = "trumpets of rams' horns"; Josh. A sabbath year (shmita) is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible by name or by its pattern of six years of activity and one of rest: The 2 Kings passage (and its parallel in Isaiah 37:30) refers to a sabbath (shmita) year followed by a jubilee (yovel) year. How to calculate exact Gregorian dates of the past Jewish festivals? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Another interpretation obviates all of the speculation about the Sabbath year entirely, translating the verse as: "And this shall be the sign for you, this year you shall eat what grows by itself, and the next year, what grows from the tree stumps, and in the third year, sow and reap, and plant vineyards and eat their fruit. shmita years since 1900. Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, and means "head of the year or first of the year.". "Israel could be in death" without this "spiritual-life", i.e. Many non-religious Israeli Jews do not observe these rules, although some non-religious farmers participate in the symbolic sale of land to non-Jews to permit their produce to be considered kosher and sellable to Orthodox Jews who permit the leniency. Under the rules of the Shmita, produce with Sabbatical sanctity (shevi'it) can only be stored as long as plants of the same species (e.g. The Orthodox Union notes that "to some, the modern-day otzar might seem to be nothing more than a legal sleight of hand. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the first Chief Rabbi of British Mandate Palestine, allowed this principle, not as an ideal, but rather as a limited permit for individuals and times which are considered by Halacha of great need ("b'shas hadchak"), which became known as the heter mechira (lit. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. [23], Some Haredi farmers do not avail themselves of this leniency and seek other pursuits during the Shmita year. This is 49 years before Ezekiel's Jubilee, providing evidence that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years, not 50 years as is accepted by many interpreters, but which has been challenged by recent work such as the study of Jean-Franois Lefebvre. God instructed Israel to let the fields lie fallow every seventh year, and give the land its sabbath rest. Deuteronomy 31:10. A beit din, or rabbinical court supervising the process, hires farmers as its agents to tend and harvest the crops, and appoints the usual distributors and shopkeepers as its agents to distribute them. In Thiele's system, this would be 867/866. Hillel the Elder, in the first century BCE, used the rule that remittance of debts applies only to debts between Jews, to develop a device known as prozbul in which the debt is transferred to a beth din. Among those who have advocated an adjustment to Zuckermann's chronology, the most extensive studies in its favor have been those of Ben Zion Wacholder. If 574/573 marked a Jubilee, and if the Sabbatical cycles were in phase with the Jubilees, then 700/699 BCE, the year often mentioned as a possible Sabbatical year because of the land lying fallow during that year (Isaiah 37:30, 2 Kings 19:29), was also a Sabbatical, 126 years or 18 Sabbatical cycles before Ezekiel's Jubilee. According to di Trani, the fact that this produce was grown in Israel, even by non-Jews, gives it sanctity, and it must be treated in the special ways detailed above. There are many reasons for the shmita year. The community at large, including members of the poor, must be afforded some opportunity to take the produce. Once a species is no longer available in the land, halakha requires that it be removed, made ownerless, and made available to anyone who wishes to take it through a procedure called biur. Rabbi Joshua Falk, author of Sefer Me'irat Einayim on Choshen Mishpat, holds that Shmita nowadays is only a rabbinic obligation, and, subsequently, the biblical promise of bounty for those who observe the Shmita (Leviticus 25:2022[22]) only applies when the biblical obligation is in effect, and hence that the biblical promise of bounty is not in effect today. This rules out the possibility that the passage is dealing with a Sabbatical year followed by a year of Jubilee. However, Thiele's years for the first few kings of Judah has come under criticism as being one year too late, because of problems that appear in the reign of Ahaziah and Athaliah that Thiele never solved. To begin with, the "sale" was meant as a . After 49 years, seven cycles of seven, the 50th is Yovel - the Jubilee year. Why do many companies reject expired SSL certificates as bugs in bug bounties? Are there tables of wastage rates for different fruit and veg? Today, the arrival of the Shmita Year in Israel brings with it heated debates. Shmita applies only to land in Israel that is owned . @Gary The Hebrew calendar functions irrelevant of the Gregorian calendar. [25], As produce grown on land in Israel owned by Jewish farmers cannot be sold or consumed, fruits and vegetables sold in a shmita year may be derived from five sources:[citation needed], There is a requirement that shevi'it produce be consumed for personal use and cannot be sold or put in trash. However, he also remarked on the difficulties presented to this figure by the text in 1 Maccabees, which would seem to date the siege one year later, and so he decided to leave it out of consideration. It must be used in its "best" manner so as to ensure fullest enjoyment (For example, fruits that are normally eaten whole cannot be juiced). But during the seventh year, you must leave it alone and withdraw from it. Shmita () is a Hebrew. b) The laws of debt absolution are in effect in all locations. [19] After the Temple's destruction, the people began a new practice to number each seventh year as a Sabbatical year, without the necessity of adding a fiftieth year.[20]. Yom HaKippurim, and the Seventh Agricultural Year (known in modern Hebrew as the "Shmita" year). The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: , literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shvi'it (.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism. Shmita, which literally means "release," is also called shabbat haaretz ("Sabbath of the land") and is currently being observed during year 5782 on the Hebrew calendar. Besides resting the land, Jews may not eat anything sown or grown in Israel during the shmita year. The heter mechira was accepted by Modern Orthodox Judaism and is one of the classic examples of the Modern Orthodox approach toward adapting classical Jewish law to the modern world. This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain. A consistent problem has been the ambiguity alleged in some of the passages, notably of Josephus, where it has been questioned, for example, when Josephus started the regnal years of Herod the Great. A new ruling by the chief rabbinate has left the level of observance to the . What are the exact Shmita dates (in Gregorian) since 1900 or a general formula for determining the dates? William Whiston, "Dissertation V, Upon the Chronology of Josephus", Cyrus Gordon, "Sabbatical Cycle or Seasonal Pattern?". It has already been mentioned that the Babylonian Talmud (Megillah 14b) and the Seder Olam (ch. [citation needed], The otzar beit din system is structured in such a way that biur remains the responsibility of members of individual households and hence warehoused produce does not have to be moved to a public place or reclaimed at the biur time. The Jewish year 5782, which began on Sept. 7, is not an ordinary year in the Jewish calendar. Personal debts are considered forgiven at sunset on 29 Elul. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? [81] Zuckermann insisted that for Sabbatical years after the Babylonian exile "it is necessary to assume the commencement of a new starting-point, since the laws of Sabbatical years and Jubilees fell into disuse during the Babylonian captivity, when a foreign nation held possession of the land of Canaan We therefore cannot agree with chronologists who assume an unbroken continuity of septennial Sabbaths and Jubilees. "Sabbatical year earthquake": 23 Shevat=18 Jan., 749 CE. ); however, they don't appear to provide either a table of date spans or links to one or a general formula for determining the conversion to Gregorian/Western/Christian calendar dates. Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster, "The Dating of the 'Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year' of 749C.E. Under an otzar beit din, a community rabbinical court supervises harvesting by hiring workers to harvest, store, and distribute food to the community. Heinrich Guggenheimer's recent translation[94] renders this phrase as "at the end of a Sabbatical year", thus unambiguously supporting the Wacholder calendar that starts a Sabbatical year in the fall of 69 CE. In addition to its agricultural dimensions, during . In modern Israel, the Shmita is practiced by mainly Orthodox Jews now, and the government is not interested in enforcing the observance of the Shmita. But the first year could not be a Sabbatical year, because in it the people were allowed to eat "what grows of itself", for which the Hebrew word is . Nonetheless, Rabbinic Judaism has developed Halakhic (religious legal) devices to be able to maintain a modern agricultural and commercial system while giving heed to the biblical injunctions. @Gary Unrelatedly, Gregorian dating didn't start everywhere in 1582. Ezekiel's vision of a restored temple at beginning of 17th Jubilee year, which was also a Sabbatical year. This is called the "shmita" year in Hebrew, which means a year of "release". [98] This recent study argues that a comparative study of the word motsae (literally, "goings-out") does not support any sense of "after" ("after a Sabbatical year"). Just as the weekly Sabbath is a day of rest for Jews, so is shmita supposed to be a year of rest for Jewish farmland. During the last shmita, Keren Hashviis helped keep 3,452 farmers covering 83,500 acres going, says project manager Dovid Hershkowitz. The last sabbath year was in 2014-2015 and the last yubilee-year was in 1972-1973. This device, formulated early in the era of Rabbinic Judaism when the Temple in Jerusalem was still standing, became a prototype of how Judaism was later to adapt to the destruction of the Second Temple and maintain a system based on biblical law under very different conditions. Year of entry into the land: 1 Kings 6:1 and Joshua 5:6.

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