which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. b. axons. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. b. modeling. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. What form do these consequences take? Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Postconditioning. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. a. 141. c. repression. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? What is learning? If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? All of the models include an element of the biological model. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. 108. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? 161. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. 1. 79. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. 103. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. The Structure of the Nervous System. 160. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. 101. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Respondent conditioning. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. 114. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. 164. 80. b. exposure This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. b. anal stage. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. 33. Genetic issues and explanations. 71. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. d. existential, 125. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. We must try to convert what we see into action. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. How so? There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. d. brain circuits. c. superego. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? 117. 13. Participants have similar issues. b. prevention. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. a. modeling 29. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. c. emphasize health. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? b. exposure therapy. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Communication in the Nervous System. c. existential c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. What is this therapy? When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. This approach to learning was called connectionism. 41. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. 151. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. a. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. 88. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. c. ineffective treatment options. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). b. self-actualization. 155. b. working through. d. object relations theory. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. a. humanistic a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? c. They explain outside influences and past events. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. b. laissez-faire parenting style. d. Freud. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. c. maintenance. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. 44. Which is an example of latent content? c. unconditional positive regard. 23. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). 99. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" What is learning and what forms does it take? 32. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 68. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. d. sociocultural. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. a. psychodynamic Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. a. gestalt According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. d. existential. d. libido. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. 78. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. c. existential. If I do X, then Y will happen. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 145. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. b. family structure and communication. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. c. psychosurgery. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. 83. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. 62. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. This is an example of: a. shaping. 133. 159. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. 116. d. countertransference. 2.3.2.4. 72. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. d. cognitive-behavioral. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). d. self-help therapy. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. Is this correct? In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. b. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? b. transference. b. dendrites. d. fixation. 2.2.1.6. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 12. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Models aid us with doing all of this. c. operant conditioning. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 93. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. 69. 30. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 102. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 2.2.1.1. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. b. the libido. b. Rogers. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? What are some issues facing the biological model? Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. As such, he continues to steal her toys. There are two main ways they can present themselves. b. behavioral-focused Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. 2.2.3.1. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). b. ego. This is called the. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. c. Beck. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. b. learned behavior. d. Bandura. b. cognitive-behavioral a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies.

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