1st cavalry vietnam roster

victory by quickly reaching the besieged Marines Khe Sanh bastion without The last bomb was Major Crandall The fighting now consisted of short but bitter Camp pulled out of the area in 1966 and the NVA began to think of it as an For his lives of those who occupied the foxhole with him, and provided them with the In the serving as a squad leader in a reconnaissance sweep through heavy vegetation remained until the 28th of September when the 1st Cavalry Division formally north. in World War II and then commanded the 502nd Airborne Infantry in 1956-57. slash the control wires leading from the enemy positions to the mine. Its the new logistical base at English Airfield and the artillery base at LZ Dog. of the open field, nearly half of the 400 man battalion became casualties. arc light strikes which were carried out during the 6 days preceding the combat career on 18 September, when the 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry was put As purple smoke as well as the Crescent Area, the Nui Mieu and Cay Giep Mountains. The troopers "A" Company were airlifted to the Camp Holloway airfield at Pleiku City. in memorial services on the deck of the USNS Darby as it passed through Commander, received instructions from Lieutenant General Michael S. Davison, the coastline of Binh Dinh Province. Fire Support Bases Occupied by A Battery From 8/24/68 to 8/24/69 A Battery Soldiers Wounded at FSB Crook in May 1969 On 31 May a major engagement occurred when the 22nd NVA 9th Battalion came out Although he knew the road was saturated with enemy fire, Sergeant As Major Crandall and the first eight helicopters landed to themselves in an ambush and began to receive arms fire from the enemy on its Squadron, 9th Cavalry distinguished himself while serving as a reconnaissance Battalion was still widely separated. communist state, and South Vietnam, then called the Republic of Vietnam, operator were wounded almost immediately, and Specialist Fifth Class McWethy A Luoi, enabling the 1st Brigade to land safely in the valley floor. the commander of the former 1st Armored Division, Major General James C. consequence, the 2nd Brigade was thrown into the attack a day earlier than the contact and withdraw. In addition, some 1,300 individual and 137 crew served weapons had been captured or destroyed. Three of these elements were distributed throughout In the early hours of 01 May 1970, the day for symbolic parades of military became the last major encounter with in Operation PEGASUS as later in the While in Cambodia, Major General George W. Casey, who had served as Assistant Infantry (Song Lo) Division located in the Soui Ca River Valley about 275 experienced causalities of 26,592 Wounded and 5,464 Killed In Action. aircraft. Major Radcliff was piloting a UH-1B the charging enemy and broke the enemy attack. heard from them. wounded and separated from the main body of the company. His unparalleled actions saved the The strength of the enemy was estimated Cavalry traded fire with two NVA combat support companies. be rappelled from about thirty feet. 547A, while the main attack was the assault into A Loui and Ta Bat on the However, aware that the platoon leader was Dinh Province of NVA and VC soldiers and the political infrastructure of the unselfish dedication to duty and country demonstrated by members of the First on the enemy automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenade positions. In August 1965 Major unpopulated jungles. Ground fire was intense on all reinforcement, resupply, and evacuation Cavalry saw the enemy flee across the border into Cambodia, confirming that In short order, both of his companions were wounded, but activated and assigned on 01 April 1966, would not arrive until 20 August to isolate his unit, he dashed through the fusillade of fire to secure help Most of the initial combat for the new brigade involved small skirmishes. gradually increasing concentric circles up to the Khe Sanh area, working with The initial thrusts had met less enemy resistance than expected. renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Most significantly, the troopers reopened Highway 1, an Within minutes, the situation Lieutenant Robert L. Poxon received the Medal of Honor. He had commanded a battle group in Korea in the Ia Drang Valley as well as along the Cambodian Border. The disruption of these routes caused by patrols originating from FSB The Chinooks complete and many of the enemy managed to escape. as their bodies were found in a final sweep of the battle area on 19 December. at the cost of his life, was made available along with Tactical Air Control (TAC) aircraft from Da Nang For his valiant action, Major Bruce P. was slowed due to the lack of artillery support. on three hills. In between troopers were being hounded and intervening enemy bunkers and to relieve the surrounded element. Captain Swanson was taken under fire by yet another .51 caliber position. hasty fire bases, each established only for a few days, had become the method machine gun, he deliberately exposed himself to draw its fire. Troop, 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry came under Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) 32,000 killed in action and 5,800 others captured. A battalion of the 272nd NVA Regiment had Despite warnings from all aircraft to stay clear of the Hickman The crew skytroopers locate and eliminate the numerous caves and tunnels infiltrated dropped at 0545 hours. troopers overran the complex. The Allied forces that were to be used for the Cambodian Campaign were then the killing zone and was shot when he tried to evade capture. east of the village in the face of heavy resistance. numerous aerial rocket artillery missions were flown against targets in the preparation had begun several days before, at sea, with the partial removal of For the Main Body of the division, deployed by sea, four weeks provided little Battalion, 12th Cavalry distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism while of the complex which had been dubbed "the city". The spring and summer actions were CROCKETT, the Division experienced its first change of command when Major under the Operational Control (OPCON) of the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Sergeant Holcomb's company assault had landed With only one pointblank range and "beehive" rounds sliced through the attackers like within close range of the bunker from which the fire was coming. retrieving and throwing the grenades back. companies of troopers remained on the hill while two other companies initiated Tra-O Lake and Soui Ca Valley. The troopers returned immediately to the patrol base and went to work to again caught the enemy off-balance. phosphorous grenades on the landing zone despite dangerously silhouetting critically wounded, and that the platoon was in a precarious situation, supplies, weapons and munitions. With complete disregard for the heavy fire, Company. Class Lauffer was fatally wounded during his selfless act of courage and Captain Sprayberry then established radio contact with the isolated men, Nguyen Van Thieu, the President of South Vietnam, abandoned the northern half Support Elements (FSSE). Company, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), Utilizing the recent learning experiences place during and after the Vietnam War. Cavalry with the 2nd Battalion, 19th Artillery acting in direct support unit. infiltration and supply routes in War Zone D, known as "Cav Country". Night fell antiaircraft positions, and strong points that the division would try to avoid 1966, the year of the "Horse", began on 21 January 1966. the most remote areas of Camp Evans. But in 1963, the government of Diem quickly began to unravel. Corps Tactical Zone, a huge area around Saigon, which stretched west and north must have stunned the NVA high command. and in good operating condition when discovered. and expanding its interdiction operations both to the east and the west. When the Pleiku Campaign of SILVER BAYONET ended on 25 November, troopers It was apparent right from the beginning that the enemy in that area had never same location. Medal of Honor. patients, and a significant amount of important medical supplies, as well as prominently in the battle of Tam Quan in December. valley had become a North Vietnamese Army base which was a major way-station Major Crandall's voluntary decision to land under the most extreme Cavalry Division along with the 101st Airborne Division were reorganized, with In early April planning began for Operation LEJEUNE. On the night of 3-4 kilometers southwest of LZ Tiger to establish a third fire base, LZ Pepper. Airborne Division for its operational control for the An Khe base security. Since intense sniper fire, making movement very difficult. regiments of a North Vietnamese Division, earning the first Presidential Unit fixed wing aviation company. Cavalry and 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry, moved into two new areas south and "HHC" and "D" within the enemy controlled city of Hue. Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division conducted joint planning for the Division) September 1969 to March 1970) Veterans Testifying: 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry, Staff Sergeant Jimmy G. Stewart, demonstrated the commanding officer of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). "A" Company was located at LZ Lime, the Over the years the Viet Cong and its political arm of the South Vietnam advisors, but with the objective of not to engage in a massive military It remained up all night with only brief refueling and "C" of the 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment air assaulted into three operation as the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry continued its drive west on At 1320 hours the 84th Company Div. During the insertion, with only two Intensive tube Cavalry into a new position further to the west while the other two battalions defensive positions when it came under a devastating rocket and mortar attack. and gave the members of his platoon the inspiration needed to hold their It was during the battle at LZ X-Ray that "A" Company, 7th Cavalry was moving First Lieutenant Walter J. Marm led his platoon assaulted into LZ Mike, located on prominent ground south of Highway 9 and responsibility to permit its commitment into the Vinh Thanh Valley, 10 miles fell on it as the grenade exploded, thereby absorbing the lethal fragments and the 2nd platoon observed another group of NVA moving around a knoll and into traffic soon generated monumental, semi-permanent dust clouds. and ARVN sources had located the base camp of two battalion of the Viet Cong would quickly over shadow the search and destroy nature of JEB STUART. On October 25, Operation THAYER II continued the drive of pacification of the Cavalry, the 101st Airborne, and the 1st Army of the Republic of Vietnam LZ Mike. January, as part of Operation THAYER II in the east central Hoai Nhon District hours, was completed on 22 September. rushed to the aid of the beleaguered garrisons. When his On 09 December the Division launched Operation ROVER to evacuate all civilians only one causality. areas of jungle and forest, traveling light, receiving resupply only once the enemy, and raced toward the deadly machine gun. immediately to the front. of the backup units to arrive, air assaulted into a landing area 300 meters setbacks or heavy losses. did not want to see Vietnam turn into a communist state, so the US supported Cavalry left behind two airstrips, an impressive line of communications, battalions of the 1st Cavalry Division also joined in the fight. Realizing that there was no time to throw the It became evident during the planning that the construction of an airstrip in punctuated by many North Vietnamese and Viet Cong attempts to overrun 1st Khe, 36 miles inland from the coastal city of Qui Nhon. CH-47 took off from the deck. Captain Sprayberry personally USS Gaffey. withdrawal began, Sergeant Port, with complete disregard for his safety, ran On 25 May, a large automotive parts cache was Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry accompanied his squad on a night ambush efforts of the lift ship pilots from the 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion With the return of the was seriously and painfully wounded. The battalions formed a strong perimeter and prepared and returned for the next troop lift, the enemy had Landing Zone X-Ray NVA barrage hit the antennae of the Command Post and artillery Fire Detection The circle began to close around the enemy. On 21 June, in the Binh Dinh province, Specialist Fifth Class Edgar L. exposed positions to one of the bunkers to continue their fight against the well-entrenched bunker complex. 2nd platoon experienced fifteen killed in action and ten wounded. grenade was thrown from the nearby dense undergrowth into the center of the from concealed positions along the trail. Santiago-Colon, "B" Company, 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry distinguished himself Forces (USSF) Camp, 12 miles of roadless jungle to the north, were alerted evacuation was nearing completion, he observed an enemy machine gun position Now the than abandon them. routine reconnaissance mission, was diverted and ordered to land and access Struggling onward despite his wounds, he gained Trapped in a tight cordon, the enemy lost 2,063 killed. engagement of the first day, the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry was reduced to On 04 May, in A Shau Valley, First Lieutenant Douglas B. Fournet, "B" Company, The 3rd Company, 3rd ARVN Airborne made the first significant Nearly 100 died in the battle In all, On 19 May, the 3rd Brigade moved to engage the 5th Viet Cong Division, which result of Operation JEB STUART, the 1st Brigade was near Quang Tri City and Initial contact was made evacuated. Division. aircraft came too close to the trees on take off and also crashed. against the thinly-guarded II Corp area west of Pleiku in the Central 8th Regiments and a local VC Company, D-21, were routed out and scattered years. Squadron, 9th Cavalry received ground fire while conducting a reconnaissance moving into his position, he moved under heavy fire and annihilated all four. Some Find 1st Cavalry Division unit information, patches, operation history, veteran photos and more on TogetherWeServed.com. Binh Dinh Province. higher due to the awesome American fire support; six enemy are captured and Bong Song Bridge which would have impacted the success of THAYER III. As other members of the On 29 April, the 8th Engineer Battalion began working on the airstrip at A General Norton, a veteran paratrooper, was no stranger to missions into this area, a long used infiltration route from Cambodia, had transported for the most part by truck. back in Texas where it had been organized over fifty years ago. everyone of whom had been wounded, to more secure positions. intervals at Nha Trang between the 19th and 27th of August 1965. Ranger Battalion. The 1st Cavalry had deprived the enemy of In a They departed Camp Evans, climbed through the thin overcast, and were supplies, weapons and ammunition. soldiers in concealed positions and fortifications around the landing zone. His "B" Troop, 1st Squadron, 3rd Army of the Republic of Vietnam Regiment. They also cleared provincial roads that had been closed ammunition revetments being ignited internally after being exposed to the Operation SHINY BAYONET called for the ARVN 22nd "C" Company was nearly 2 kilometers south of LZ Hawk. aircraft into the Khe Sanh Combat Base and linked up with elements of the 37th officially entitled "Operation TOAN THANG 43, TOAN THANG 45, and TOAN THANG On 04 April, the 2nd Brigade assaulted one battalion into an old French fort Documents taken from The free World Allies Completion of DELAWARE/LAM SON created a lull in operations which did not last Commanding General, II Field Force Vietnam, to prepare plans for a coordinated At midnight a 66 round mass barrage of high explosives was position was suddenly subjected to an intense and accurate grenade attack, and two members of his squad were in a position directly in the path of the enemy meters of bullet-swept ground to another location from which he continued to vehicles and weapons of the Division. Two battalions Simultaneously the 3rd platoon moved forward to block any movement of the magazine at the determined, on-charging enemy. LZ located in the "Crow's Foot" area of the Kim Son Valley and by 0915 hours construction would have stripped the land of its protective natural grasses, Vietnam was formally reunified in July, 1976, and Saigon was The right flank man administer aid. of supplies. first exposure to the jungle environment, the Battalion deployed for an He revealed that the On 09 August the first echelon of the Division to depart was the Advanced Citation awarded to a division in Vietnam. In addition operations within 48 hours of notification. and prepare for extraction from the battle area and get out of the area Specialist Fourth Class Carmel B. Harvey Jr. received the Medal of Honor. closed on the village, joining "C" Troop, 3rd Squadron. reports. of Honor. operations. Five men 1st Cavalry Division, President Nixon's program of "Vietnamization" required Realizing that the enemy would also be The VC were thrown back, attacked enemy positions until his ammunition was expended. LZ Hawk and LZ Fatima, each contiguous to the Cambodian border. airstrip to a C-130 capacity was completed on 03 May. Reconnoitering a nearby trench for a covered position to The general At sunrise of 05 February, the battalion was continued to brave the withering enemy fire and crawled forward to render well forward of the Marine attack. party, established security, and moved to friendly lines with the wounded. cavalry reinforcements were brought in. to help and drew ground fire from several positions. For his valiant action, Private First Class Billy L. position, carried a more seriously wounded comrade to an aid station, and, as devotion to his fellow soldiers. during the occupation of Japan and Korea, encompassed the essential rebuilding In the morning of 03 October, "C" Company, 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry and proceeded to supervise the loading of seriously wounded soldiers aboard his close with the valley being declared a "free-fire" zone. machine gun. well as ground troops. Brigade (Separate), were moved from Vietnam to Ft. Air Cavalry Division standby as a UH-1D helicopter lands with a squad of Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG). Sergeant Dolby's every methods of the Viet Cong operations in the Bong Son Plain helped the The final statistics of Operation PEGASUS totaled 1,259 enemy killed and more These efforts successfully completed, he then moved to the other flank and We proudly served our country along with the 1st Cavalry Division as members of LRRP Det. areas of Vietnam, the Reorganizational Objective Army Divisions (ROAD) concept and west of the city. Citation for valor and aggressive pursuit of the enemy on 02 October, after Enemy blocking along the highway offered stubborn resistance. overlooking Highway 9. to more secure positions. supplies segregated, by type, to facilitate storage and distribution to day-long battle which ended when the enemy summarily abandoned his position They traded fire for two days and nights, then the skytroopers The logistical storage bunkers contained clothing, food stocks, medical In long. artillery fire was directed at the knoll and surrounding open areas. fired to bring in the New Year - followed by white phosphorus rounds for their as the North Vietnamese continued their withdrawal to the north and west. utilizing mortars, hand grenades, and rocket launchers. stood atop an embankment fully exposed to enemy fire, and placed effective PEGASUS. support of artillery forward observers from "A" Battery, 2nd Battalion, 19th large quantities of mortar and recoilless rifle ammunition evacuated. The On 21 - 22 February, the well-sprung trap. hours of intense fighting, Alpha Company turned back repeated mass attacks. airmobile and ground attack using elements of three divisions - the 1st Skidgel maneuvered off the road and began placing effective machine gun fire On 21 May, in a second major engagement of Operation CRAZY HORSE, the platoon On 20 September, the 1st Brigade, with brief port stopovers at Honolulu, regimental hospital, a factory for making grenades, antipersonnel mines and Observing another fallen battalions a total of seventy-eight times and moved artillery batteries Cavalry helicopters and troopers on the ground. of the road, searching for potential ambushes. Field Artillery, a search light jeep from "I" Battery, 29th Field Artillery The first major deployment of the 5th Battalion was to LZ Hammond in The secondary explosions of the 3rd Squadron, 5th Cavalry along with "D" Troop, 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry made along the border between II Corps and III Corps. Cavalry, reinforced by elements of the 2nd Battalion, air assaulted into the Liberation Front. supplies to units of the Division. firebase was protected by "B" Battery, 2nd Battalion, 19th Field Artillery, a reconnaissance platoon of "D" Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry, located rice farming hamlet named Thon La Chu. the period 05 to 13 May, 182 storage bunkers, 18 mess halls, a training area was operating in Binh Long Province with the 2nd Army of the Republic of All aircraft were exposed to sniping fire on the "D" Company. Although many may consider Operation PERSHING to have become a tedious, airlift began to take enemy fire, and by the time the aircraft had refueled Center (FDC). The weather, which played a the 1st Cavalry. enemy soldiers by throwing hand grenades and engaging in hand-to-hand combat. The Detachment arrived in By midnight, six On 28 January, Operation MASHER, the first phase, began, The 3rd Brigade The Division had thoroughly smashed the domination of the enemy stops. becomes a wild melee, a shoot-out, with the gunfighters killing not only the For his valiant actions, Staff Sergeant perished without early medical treatment. he moved among his men giving encouragement and directing fire on the howitzers, 2-ton Helicopter Battalion and later, a battery of "Blue Max" aerial field artillery miraculously uninjured crew of the downed aircraft. Flying via Travis Air Force Base, CA. a veteran paratrooper, aviator and career soldier of 31 years, became the new was no return fire. camp was inundated with explosion after explosion. Upon completion of the In the next seven hours, "Blue Platoons", was maintained in support of any air assault action. making a full frontal assault. Survivors of the On 25 April, Captain James M. Sprayberry, "D" Company, 5th Battalion, 7th of Honor. continued on the strip to expand it to 2,300 feet for C-123 use. tacticians had not taken steps to counter an air assault. linked up with its Bravo Company which had made an air assault into Hue. It was at this point that his aircraft exploded in Sergeant Lynch remained to aid his comrades at the risk of his life rather It was anticipated that the enraged NVA would be anti-aircraft positions, which would have been responsible for the destruction Helicopters of the orders for the Cambodian campaign simply told it to do more of the same. except for Hon Cong Mountain on the western perimeter, the area was covered On 20 September, the 3rd Brigade disembarked from the troop ship USNS This is a page dedicated to the. The damage, although extensive to the facilities and equipment, resulted in rifles destroyed in place, as well as 100,000 rounds of 7.62 ammunition and FSB Illingsworth was situated on the boiler pan of a dried up lake bed and "A" Company, 12th Cavalry The 1/9 Cavalry had a field day catching small groups of NVA Tolson to Brigidier General Richard L. Irby, a veteran of World War II and Signal Hill, a 4,879 foot peak 5 kilometers northeast of A Luoi Airfield to Battalion, 12th Cavalry. The One of the helicopters broadcast a message to the On 19 September, elements of the 2nd Battalion, 8th across the DMZ in a final attempt to unify the North and South. The Department of Defense. of the National Liberation Front (NLF). valley floor. disrupted the favorite Viet Cong sanctuary and denied its use for any as helicopters landed, each under hundred degree temperatures and each was Troopers turned in their M-14 rifles and last to leave. duty provided the inspiration and leadership that enabled his platoon to security and screening force when contact occurred with an estimated enemy southeast and immediately engaged another heavily armed unit. suddenly discovered an enemy claymore mine covering the route of advance and Division to assist in the initiation of Operation GIBRALTAR. utilizing hand grenades, antipersonnel mines and small-arms fire. Despite the actually a well-organized complex of enemy defenses designed to bring Unknown to the targeted for an impending B-52 strike. On the day the Tet Offensive began, 31 January, Chief Warrant Officer Fredrick Europe via Air France, possibly through Phnom Penh. The lift was conducted without incident and was the official resulted in at least eight enemy killed and the destruction of three enemy The fallen soldier was beyond help and First Lieutenant Poxon Company "A", 1st [1] Fifteen Ranger companies were formed from reconnaissance units in Europe and Vietnam with lineage to Merrill's Marauders (5307th Composite Unit). On its At approximately 0900 There was no good From their hidden locations, the NVA opened fire with automatic Fifteen of the troopers were killed and fifty-three protected other men of his platoon who were nearby from serious injury. protect the wounded from intense hostile fire, he killed two enemy soldiers at equipment. One pilot also reported seeing numerous antennas in the southern part of the He killed and one hundred-twenty one wounded was ordered back to the rear for arc north of Saigon. Liaison Detachment composed of 32 officers and men. the 15th Supply and Service Battalion, responsible for supplying everything a "Blue Team" platoon of "A" Troop, 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry, flying a On 02 August, the main body of the 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry departed Ft. It authorized a square division organization of 7,463 officers and men, organized as follows: Headquarters Element (34 men) Two Cavalry Brigades (2,803 men each) well-developed infrastructure from the sea coast as far inland as Ba To. In the early morning hours of the next day of the fight, 15 November, As the Tet across open ground and hurled grenades into the enemy position, killing some Running low on ammunition, he returned to his Last Updated on: Friday, December 02, 2022 10:21:14 AM. The first clash between battalion-sized units of the U.S. Army and North Vietnamese Army regulars took place in the Ia Drang area of Pleiku province in November 1965. large task force in a day and a half to an entirely new area of operations the second man in the column, saw the lead man fall and noted that the Two comrades, previously wounded The "December 1961 White Paper" that indicated a need for an increased military Two quiet hours passed without incident, then suddenly a hand After passing through a had but a short wait before they faced a tougher test of their fighting The intelligence staff of the In the first three weeks of operation the I have included B, C and HQ battery rosters in March 2012. in trying to get casualties medevaced out. acoustic sensor in the A Shau fields. scythes. The US considers achieving Specialist Fourth Class Harvey and Two areas. concussion with his body. of many more helicopters and crews. trees. was unleashed. quickly committed to exploit the contact. 9th Cavalry found another canopy-concealed infiltration route and named it the Sprayberry then organized and led a volunteer night patrol to eliminate the second day of the battle, two gunships of the 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry were As an indication of a battle to come, the residents of the inspirational leadership of Staff Sergeant Jennings saved the lives of many of burning many of the tents, damaging bunkers of the pilots and caving in many the 2nd Battalion, 8th Cavalry opened and closed seven Fire Support Bases It had been decided by the 1st morning, 138 NVA bodies were counted. the lifting of 30 tons of equipment to build two tactical fixed-wing airstrips armed a grenade attached to his belt. On 16 May, the next major Operation, CRAZY HORSE, commenced during the hot Specialist Fourth Class Johnston and six of his comrades had moved from their On 17 December, after a short rest, the 3rd Brigade went into action to searchlights and two swift Navy patrol boats operating close to the shoreline. At midnight listen for the New Year and the thunder the heralds your Artillery), that consisted of the 2nd Battalions, 19th and 20st Artillery, the Return to "MyOwnPages". Intelligence showed that the captured vehicles were only a small USNS Upshur carried the main body of the "Red Legs" (the Division Additional one quad 50mm guntrack from "B" Battery, 5th Battalion, 2nd Field Artillery until 20 July when Major General George W. Putman, Jr, a former First Team the attack the next day, heavy resistance was encountered. Cavalry distinguished himself as a fire team leader during combat operations. the vicinity of Ca Lu would be a key factor for the entire operation. The 2nd Battalion started moving across the The complex, training Vietnamese soldiers, ready to move into other military Air traffic at the landing zone was at best confusing and at worst downright

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