reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. /Contents 4 0 R SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. /Subtype /Image Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. The states were later increased to 30 states. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. stream As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. History of federal system of government in nigeria. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Rt. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. /F6 21 0 R The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. 1. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Required fields are marked *. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. What is federalism? For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. >> Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. ff>qsfN? From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz 2. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. /Type /Page In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. >> Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. /F2 9 0 R 4 0 obj Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. 74 . By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. /F7 24 0 R Hon. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. << Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. 6 0 obj Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. >> From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. /Height 235 This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. /F5 18 0 R We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. by the federal or any state government. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. % Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Population of the country The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. /Filter /FlateDecode Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. >> Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Payment Details. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. >> Your email address will not be published. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. << With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . 3 0 obj There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Each state has the same level of self-governance. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. s" There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. I love this article,very educating and interesting Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. << There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. However, that is not so in a federal government system. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Excellent, thanks a lot f The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Adobe d C In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. (eds. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. /BitsPerComponent 8 Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. June 1,2022 There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria.

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