advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle

Horns are generally short, round in cross- section and upright, but there is some variation in size and length. Her fawn or red and white coat enhances her heat tolerance and reduces heat stress enabling her to maintain production levels anywhere. Boran produce a calf a year. Egerton University, PO Box 356, Njoro Exact matches only. All cows and bulls, even the very best bull, in any breed, have genetic traits that could be desirable or undesirable from a farmers perspective. The average weaning weight of heifers and bull calves is 75 kg. Guernsey are efficient converters of feed to product, being of intermediate size, Guernsey produce their high quality milk while consuming 20 to 30 percent less feed per pound of milk produced than larger dairy breeds. The Guernsey bull has an attractive individuality, revealing ample vigour and masculinity. Poultry farming can include more than chickens. If AI is practiced - look carefully at the pictures and specifications of sires offered to determine whether the proposed sire will add better body conformation to the animal offspring. Research has shown that Guernseys have the lowest incidence of calving difficulty of any of the major dairy breeds. Description: WebSuch strengths include having excellent maternal traits, fertility, calving (or freshening) ease, and great marbling. High forage requirement Notes: Under sub-optimal conditions the indigenous breeds stay healthy and animal welfare is less at risk as with exotic breeds in the same situation. It would appear that the Guernsey is currently caught between two conflicting trendsincreasing milk yields to meet the needs of commercial mass production and preserving traditional characteristics to fill the demands of an increasing number of small farms. Guernsey are well known for having the minimum of calving complications. It can be bred to a Brahman or other zebu-based breed to produce a heat-tolerant dairy cow for tropical climates. Being accustomed to desert condition, it covers vast distances in search of grazing and water and in some areas is only watered on alternate days or on the third day. The original strains of the breed came from Ethiopia and were adopted early in the 20th Century by commercial cattlemen in Laikipia, Machakos and the Rift Valley Districts of Kenya. WebProducers must consider the advantage and disadvantages of a tillage system before changing systems. When two lines are crossed, then any undesired traits present in one line but not in the other are masked (hidden) and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring. The effectiveness of indirect selection depends upon the correlation between two traits. What Issues Should Be Considered in Crossbreeding? Boran cattle are recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to handle. View all posts by hsotr, Animal Health Only suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder availability. 86:4148-4154. These cattle are mainly used for the production of milk and secondly for the At that time, imports into Guernsey were stopped and the island herds were closed. Frequent calving in their lifetime, longevity, so need less replacements, They are known for their versatility: they provide high quality milk and high quality lean meat, Susceptible to diseases, susceptible to milk fever, Feed requirements high (90-110 kg fresh forage/day i.e. Cattle Despite considerable research, nothing definite is known as to the actual origin of the cattle first brought to Jersey Island. 3. Further, a backcross will lose about half the hybrid vigor of the first generation crosses. Purpose:Meat productionAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 800 kg)Description:Body color white. Physically the breed has good dairy conformation and presents the visual impression of a plain animal bred for utility rather than good looks. The Jersey breed is in second place for number of bulls sampled, while the remaining breeds have smaller programs. Guernseys live and produce longer. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. During the 1970's Holsteins were imported from the United States and used to improve the milk production. The breed is usually horned, though polled strains have been developed. The medium sized Guernsey requires less feed than the larger Holstein, yet converts that feed into more Protein and Butterfat per unit of body weight. The Boran is typically white in colour with dark points and pigmented generally black skin. The medium sized Guernsey requires less feed than Trials in Nebraska, USA, show that the Boran and its crosses score consistently better than other Zebu breeds for meat tenderness, carcass marbling and rib eye area. Ease of hand milking because of large teats. 3. For instance, a Guernsey can be crossed with a Holstein to improve the temperament, calving ease, and milk components of the offspring. Good breeds for marginal areas, Disadvantages: The milk is also naturally high in A2 Beta Casein. Before long, the Guernsey was the dairy cow of choice, following Admiral Byrd to Antarctica and supplying American cities with nutritious milk. Click hereto learn how you can help. Most dairy bulls are notoriously aggressive, and the Guernsey bull is no exception. Moi University Farm PO Box 30900-30100 Eldoret The Jersey's hard black feet are much less prone to lameness. Setting up the registration rules in liaison with the respective Breed societies. Indirect selection improves a trait by selecting sheep with a related trait. N/B: The successive offspring from the initial/ subsequent crossing is the one used for successive matings and not the original dam. The main disadvantages were (iv) home office constraints, (v) work uncertainties and (vi) inadequate tools. The well-developed beef conformation shows up in carcass appraisals. Also suitable for crossbreeding/ improving local breeds. Steel-grey with black points is not uncommon. 16. 4. Some of these characters are - the ability to withstand periodic shortage of water and feed, ability to walk long distances in search of water and feed and ability to digest low quality feeds. Weigel, K.A. These no longer display the traditional qualities of the breed; this is particularly marked where there has been cross-breeding with Holstein-Friesian stock. Good grazer; hardy; sociable; adaptable to variety of climates and conditions; milk high in carotene and golden yellow in color, Country of Origin: Breeding within small populations, such as a herd, without introduction of new animals from outside (not related to the herd or flock), leads automatically to a certain amount of inbreeding. ADC Olngatongo PO Box 680-30200 Kitale Heifers generally come into milk at about two years of age. Milk production potential is moderate (20 lts/day), depending on feeding and management regime. For a long time the breed was confined to government farms where the focus was conservation, characterization, improvement and utilization in smallholder systems. Over the next several centuries, cattle on the island were selected for the richness and quantity of their milk, and performance was gradually improved. (The Jersey breed was developed on the neighboring island of Jersey, and the two breeds are related.) Table comparisons of results of inbreeding/linebreeding and outbreeding. Guernseys are very popular for crossbreeding purposes. Fairly hardy and adaptable to varied agro-ecological zones (AEZs), They are relatively resistant to diseases and free of genetic diseases, Better suited to range management than the Fresian breed, Need plenty of clean water (60 litres/day). Marimba Farm PO Box 32 Meru However, the cow is usually removed from the dairy herd around ages six to eight,[citation needed] and marketed for beef, and other processed meats. WebHere are all the top advantages and disadvantages. The Guernsey was bred on the Channel Island of Guernsey; it is first documented in the nineteenth century, and its origins are unknown. 1. Ask your AI provider to bring different origin semen over time. Jerseys in Kenya are typically light brown in colour, though this can range from being almost grey to dull black. 4. National study was established in 1963 in Naivasha with the purpose of improving the breed for milk and beef i.e. Good levels of protein, butterfat, beta-carotene, and other nutrients. Farms keeping Guernsey in Kenya (options): 1. How the conflict will be resolved in this breed remains to be seen. Use of local breeding bulls instead of artificial insemination could be a limiting factor in improving the production of local cattle. Exact matches only Search in title. Food The Guernsey is a breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. 3. The major advantage of crossbred dairy cattle is that they exhibit the strengths of all breeds from which they descend with an added advantage of heterosis. Both quantity and quality must go together for efficient production. Description: 3. 888-746-8227 Support. 4. Milk has high butter-fat of 4.8%, Disadvantages: Books Although Guernsey milk was far superior in quality, no breed could outstrip the Holstein for gallons of milk per lactation. Purpose:Meat and milk production It traditionally had several other good qualities: it was long-lived, calved without difficulty, grazed well and being relatively small-sized was an efficient milk producer. 3. The West The Holstein cattle breed is dominating in milk production. Channel Islands cattle were exported to England beginning in the 1700s where they were widely used in the establishment and improvement of other breeds. But, even with all this information at our fingertips, it can be hard to distinguish what is important and what isnt. The world is Receive more timely country living tips and resources from Homestead on the Range in your inbox with our newsletter. The milk is also rich in colour which is naturally produced from carotene. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [5] The Guernsey breed is on the watch list maintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, with fewer than 2,500 annual registrations in the U.S. and an estimated global population less than 10,000 animals. These cattle can live longer Recently a cheese made entirely from Guernsey milk was awarded the Silver Medal at the Royal Melbourne Show, Australia's most prestigious cheese show. 2. The preference for black-pied cattle, particularly in the United States, led to the further segregation of red-pied animals and presently this colour variation only exists in small number in the Netherlands. It has smooth-blending shoulders showing good refinement, strength and even contour. Selection aims to change the gene frequencies in order to improve the subsequent generations. Sanctuary Farm PO Box 244-20177 Naivasha Sahiwal bull Complete identity of crossbred cows offers the important advantages of maintaining genetic evaluations within pure breeds for future sire selection decisions, genetic evaluations of the cows themselves, and pedigree data for inbreeding avoidance in rotational crossbreeding systems. Read more onBreeding in Organic animal husbandry (in Animal health promotion and disease prevention according to IFOAM norms here. More relevant. Sheep The Principles of Dairy Farming. 2. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. 4. Breeding The breed is not known to have undesirable recessives. and bulls 2,000 lbs. Kisima Farm, PO Box 19- 20107 Njoro Birdwatching Her qualities as the producer of an unique golden coloured milk high in Protein and Butterfat and rich in flavour made her the envy of the emerging dairy industry of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Besides, researchers can also update data regularly, as needed. Here is an extract from the Kenya stud book website (need to log in):http://www.klbo.co.ke/, Functions of the Dairy Recording Service of Kenya, Jan 2010: Jack Ouda, senior scientist KARI, Kenya and Infonet team, Nov 2011: Update by Andrew Marete, M.Sc. Limuru Agricultural Youth Centre PO Box 30496 Nairobi 96% of Guernsey cows carry the protein Beta Casein A2 in their milk. Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource. The most important advantage of conservation tillage systems is significantly less soil erosion due to wind and water. Factory farming products more food than we actually need right now. Transportation of oil and gas can be done easily through pipelines. Purpose:Milk production. Rawhide (Janet Mills) Nakuru 051-343005 The Boran shows a surprisingly straight top line for a Zebu animal. Three factors represent the main advantages of WFH: (i) work-life balance, (ii) improved work efficiency and (iii) greater work control. Russell, K. (1980). The Guernsey's ability to produce high percentages of protein and butterfat enhances her economic value to processors of manufactured dairy products like cheese, butter and ice cream. Dairy producers must be concerned about many traits beyond milk yield in a single lactation. 14. So that after some time you will have a record of the family tree of every individual. Quotes Depending on your goals for breeding animals different breeding techniques can be used. The Guernsey is an excellent grazer and is a cow that has been developed for pasture based milk production. Makongi Farm, PO Box 1320-30100 Eldoret The Boran society was formed in 1951 and its panel of inspectors continues to ensure that the breed progresses and keeps up to date with the demands of modern beef production. Many other factors, such as body size of mature animals, fertility, calving ease, somatic cell scores, and availability of frozen semen from many bulls with accurate genetic evaluations, also influence breed choices. By consistently following the up-grading scheme the farmer is assured of owning a proved stock after each successive generation. Heifers generally come into milk at about two years of age.Potentialyield: 25 litres/day and 4.3% butter fat.Average body size: Medium (average live-weight 475 kg). Guernsey cattle were first imported to North America in the 1830s, with importations peaking in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It is also clear that the morbidity and mortality rates of East Cost Fever are lower in Boran than inBoss taurusbreeds; the Boran being naturally more resistant. Breeding possibilities in isolated areas are less than in areas with good infrastructure. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Within two years after that, the next generation of crossbred female will be reaching breeding age and decisions regarding her mate will arise. Better milk composition (depends on your market), 5. Most of these events require that the show animals be registered as a condition. The Guernsey Cattle Club was formed in 1877. Boran cattle have developed adaptive traits of crucial importance for their survival. By having a good breeding strategy such inbreeding can not only be totally avoided, but the opposite can be achieved namely higher productivity, better milk and meat yields, healthy animals with good disease resistance, just to mention a few of the most common goals for breeding strategies. Feedlot = 1.3 kg per day depending on type of cross used (this was found at a recent trial at Marania Farm - Timau where using Boran cross Angus steers & heifers). They are good mothers and protective of their young. [4]:3 Imports of French cattle to Guernsey were forbidden by law in 1819, but some importation of British cattle continued until 1877. Loruk Farm PO Box 104-10400 Nanyuki Selection ofbreedinganimals is based on: The following methods are used inbreeding: This is a book which contains all the proven animals, their parentage and how one can acquire them. Dairy Cattle Business Management and Dairy Farm Labor, Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management, Dairy Cattle Nutrition of Milking and Dry Dairy Cows. Gogar Farm PO Box 6-201080 Rongai When trading inbreedingcattle, it is often found that registration with the Kenya stud book, will more than double the price of your animals. The World Guernsey Cattle Federation is promoting the breeds positive traits. Complete identity of crossbred cows offers the important advantages of maintaining genetic evaluations within pure breeds for future sire selection decisions, They have an attractive carriage with a graceful walk, a strong back, broad loin, wide rump and deep barrel, strong, attached udder extending well forward, with the quarters evenly balanced and symmetrical. 12. 2. [6], The Guernsey is of medium size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700 kg. Whether indigenous breeds or exotic breeds or crossbreeds will perform best depend amongst others on the climate, the occurring diseases, the available feed resources and the availability of fresh water. Inbreeding levels are increasing in purebred populations. When AI (Artificial Insemination) is used, a small number of sires again are used to serve a large number of females. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. 7. The problem arises when from in both parents the genetics for the same undesired traits are present Imagine that this trait is present in a particular bull, and that bull is very popular (because he also has some desirable trait, such as superior milk production in daughters). The Guernsey is an excellent choice for grass-based dairying or other less intensive Good grazer, adaptable to variety of climates and conditions, Copyright 2020 | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | PO BOX 477, 33 Hillsboro St, Pittsboro, NC 27312 |, How to Shear a Sheep & Why Its Important, They make a good family cow because they are a medium size and easy to milk. 6. The medium sized Guernsey requires less feed than Properly identified crossbred animals contribute to genetic evaluations of their purebred sires in the current USDA genetic evaluation system, the all breed animal model. An example of indirect selection is given by high growth rate, where selection for this trait is likely to improve early maturity and slaughter weight and also the efficiency of feed conversion. The breeder can only plan according to the trait observed. Their popularity rose to a peak from the 1950s to the 1970s, but by 1970 a new trend was beginningmass production of Holstein milk. Guernsey owners love the rich personality of their cows. 2. 8. In response to demand, protein percentages have been raised across the breed and herd protein levels of 3.4% to 3.5% are not uncommon. Interest in crossbreeding of plants and animals is nearly as old as the science of genetics, dating back to the early 1900s. Thus the length of ear in sheep is the expression of the genes that regulate ear length. Even under harsh conditions the Boran cow will continue to breed and rear calves and do this without punishing herself. The Guernsey is of medium size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700 kg. Guernsey milk contains 12% more protein, 30% more cream, 33% more vitamin D, 25% more vitamin A and 15% more calcium than average milk. Within the East and Central Africa region, Kenya has the highest number of exotic dairy cattle. 15. They generally have no birthing problems and are fertile. When compared to other sources of energy like oil and gas, wind energy has the potential to last for a longer time and ensure undisrupted supply. Field Crops OlEndeti (Grammaticas) Nairobi, Tel-2067686 SEE ARTICLE, DOWNLOADS AND LINKS. Advantages: WebThey are relatively resistant to diseases and free of genetic diseases Better suited to range management than the Fresian breed Disadvantages: Feed requirements high (90-110 kg [3]:192 Some cattle evacuated from Alderney during the Second World War were merged into the breed. 116-120 . Note: Milk production will depend on level of feeding and other management. For instance, animals sired by Holstein bulls would always be bred to Jersey bulls. The crosses involved Holstein, Guernsey, some Brown Swiss and Ayrshire, and a few Jersey animals. [4]:1 Cattle were brought to the island in the Middle Ages for draught work. Good beef conformation for the discerning consumer. The unique qualities of Guernsey milk, especially flavour, have always been recognised. AIC Documentation Unit, Kenya. 2 gunny bags) Its milk is rich in flavour, high in fat and protein, and has a golden-yellow tinge due to its high -carotene content. The general conclusions were that purebred Holstein cows almost always gave more milk in a single 305-day period than any cross studied; however, there was evidence of heterosis for yields, livability, growth, and reproduction. 4. Such rapid turnover in sires serves also to reduce the length of the generation interval in breeding programs. Read more onIntegrating animals into the farm (in what to consider when choosing to keep animals) here. Late maturing (3 years), Purpose: Meat productionAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 550 kg)Description:Body color reddish brown body with white head and feet. On that basis, the Holstein breed is in a formidable position. The decrease in fitness that results from such inbreeding is known as inbreeding depression. Rotational crossbreeding plans, particularly with three breeds, can maintain substantial heterosis, but maintaining a rotational crossbreeding program requires careful record keeping and planning. Other advantages include reduced fuel and labor requirements. 1. The Guernsey produces rich and flavoursome milk. We rely on the support of our members, grants, and donations from the public to raise the $700,000 a year needed to maintain our conservation work with rare breeds of farm animals. 6. To avail the production data to the Livestock Recording Centre which is responsible for progeny testing and to the Bull Purchasing Committee for the Contract Mating Program. Some things have changed in the last 50-plus years. Advantages of Ayrshire Cattle: It produces high quality milk Efficient Forage Conversion Excellent Functional Type Health and freedom of disease and ailments The Guernsey cattle breed originated in the Channel Islands between France and England and was named for the Isle of Guernsey, which is the westernmost of the group. 3. Calves in particular tend to be delicate. Up-to-Date News. Dairy producers likely looked at the results and concluded that the purebred Holstein cow was close enough to the best choice to eliminate crossbreeding as an option. Such programs are strongly recommended. Some of these problems are probably due to the increase of inbreeding in this breed. Three-Breed Rotational Systems with Purebred AI Sires. Weather. The Guernsey cow is adaptable to any climate. 5. J. In 2003, the government set a target to reduce CO 2 emissions by 60% by 2050.9 In 2008, at the Some examples of simple breeding strategies we can mention: 1. - Extremely docile and This is witnessed by the fact that there is no need for AI companies to indicate 'Calving Ease' bulls in the Guernsey breed. With the dairy industry focused exclusively on the quantity of milk produced under confinement conditions, and pricing favoring the quantity of fluid milk over the quality of the components, such as protein and butterfat, the Guernseys strengths lost market value. Without these conditions the survival rate of exotic breeds and cross breeds is likely to be low. There has been some renewed interest in dairy crossbreeding as it offers some important advantages. Chemusian Farm PO Box 86-20107 Menengai. The Guernsey originated on the small Isle of Guernsey, situated in the English Channel just off the coast of France. Kenya is a home to a wide range of cattle genotypes. One experiment in the South included Red Sindhi cattle. The main advantages of these cattle are milk production and beef production. , rates the breed highly as a first breed for novice drovers. It is fawn or red and white in colour, and is hardy and docile. The pro-nuclear movement leverages the fact that nuclear waste is not even remotely as dangerous as In USA reports show that Holsteins cows have been very successfully crossed with Guernsey bulls. Genes determine the way animals look. 5. Both two- and three-breed systems are simple enough to manage, even in very large herds, by placing a different color ear tag in offspring of different sire breeds. 1. These two importations introduced America to the Guernsey, and the breed quickly became a favorite, first as a family cow, then as a supplier of milk for dairy businesses. Being an animals which in obliged to walk long distances, selection for perfect feet and leg conformation is necessary for registered cattle. Draft work is a less common use of the breed, but its steady temperament makes it a good choice for beginners. Organic or low-input dairy production may have special interest in crossbreeding if hybrid vigor reduces the need for medical intervention or if crossbreds respond better as grazing animals than cows of pure breeds. Population size and young sire sampling efforts, as well as production characteristics are important when choosing breeds. Manera (Delamere Estates), Naivasha They are intelligent cattle that pay close attention to their surroundings, although they do not spook easily. The hump is well defined and thoracic; it is larger in the male than in the female. [4]:4 During that century large numbers of cattle were exported from the Channel Islands to England; some of them had previously been brought from France. 2. A crossbreeding program should be seen as a long-term proposition. 10. Although the Guernsey is still one of Americas favorite dairy breeds, its fortunes have not recovered since the Holstein phenomenon began. Some of the advantages of primary research are: More up to date. 3. The Livestock Conservancy is Americas leading organization working to save over 150 heritage breeds from extinction. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. A true Jersey will however always have a black nose bordered by an almost white muzzle. The Guernsey cow is an efficient converter of feed to milk products. 5. They stay in the herd longer than any other dairy breed. There may also have been some influence from Dutch cattle in the eighteenth century. University of Nairobi Farm PO Box 29053-10202 Kabete The direct method selects cows having the best expression of the trait to be improved. Waunyomu Ngeke Ranch PO Box 236-00232 Ruiru This should be one of the first things to consider in a breeding plan: what animal breed fits best to the circumstances on the farm. These abilities will 3. The researcher collects data at the time were needed. There is some anecdotal evidence that this protein MAY be better for the health of some people than the Protein Beta Casein A1 that is found in most other milks. The exact origins of the breed are difficult to determine but it is known that in the 18th century, herds of small black-and-white cattle were brought into northern Holland and Friesland from northern Jutland to replace animals that had fallen victim to disease and flooding. Milk production potential is low (10 Kg/day) Guernsey reach reproductive maturity at an early age and can calve at 22 months of age. The breeder must also be able to match these characteristics to what the market demands.

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