definition of curriculum by different authors

I guess curriculum represents the courses offered for any educational The process concerned with making decisions about what to learn, why, and how to organize the teaching and learning process taking into account existing curriculum requirements and the resources available. Most teachers spend a lot of time thinking about, studying, discussing, and analyzing curriculum, and many educators have acquired a specialists expertise in curriculum developmenti.e., they know how to structure, organize, and deliver lessons in ways that facilitate or accelerate student learning. ture to examine the prescriptive and descriptive definitions offered by some of the past and present leaders in the field. J ha```HKk``H@)(CzEH7Hf{@Z"|,G8z$&(79a$e=|K?0`aaF:\Aw$E yy The hidden curriculum act as the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school. The purpose/goal/outcomes of the Curriculum and Education In order to understand the purpose, goal or outcome of education we must understand who we are directing our learning to. Pratt (1980) defines curriculum as a written document that systematically describes goals planned, objectives, content, learning activities, evaluation procedures and so forth. Thus, curriculum is a tool of education to educate and humanize the whole man. (1994). Curriculum is the guidelines by which different content matters are taught and assessed. Springer, Dordrecht. The curriculum began to be used in a broader sense beyond its narrow conceptual boundaries, and the curriculum came to be regarded as the sum of all the school-controlled learning experiences, rather than just the subject matter. Curriculum is all of the courses of study offered (science, math, reading, etc.) and those guidelines for teaching and learning set forth for a particular educational institution. Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for curriculum, Nglish: Translation of curriculum for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of curriculum for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about curriculum. Doll (1986), defined the curriculum of a school as the formal and informal content and process by which learners gain knowledge and understanding, develop skills, and alter attitudes, appreciations, and values under the auspices of that school. Call: 07068634102 / 09129347158, Contact Us for Full Project Materials: 07064946426. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. are three types of curriculum: written, taught, and tested. Ruff Tylers definition shows that he emphasizes the curriculum to rely on purposeful and planned learning experiences in all school-run activities. CrossRef It can always be changed or added to in order to become A curriculum is a set of standards-based experiences in which students practice and master information and skills. institutions (2)usable in the future career, or (3) what the school/faculty these objectives are all aspects under the scope and sequence of a Curriculum: Alternative approaches, ongoing issues (third edition). At that time, a number of educational projects were undertaken in the United States to refine and change the concept of curriculum. The curriculum serves as a primary guide for all educators in terms of what is required for effective teaching and learning, ensuring that every student has access to challenging academic experiences. (1999). taught/learned/experienced in the academic classroom over a period of Curriculum research has not stopped or stuck within certain boundaries. In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools. It also has a definite structure through which the vision of the planners can be translated into learning experiences for the learner. Curriculum theorists and philosophers of education have traditionally tried to clarify the concept Curriculum by proceeding from a review of extant definitions of curriculum to definitions of their own.' This method has not proven very successful. Essentially, curriculum is what the school is attempting to Curriculum as praxis. It is configured according to elements of a cultural heritage that are deemed worthy of transmitting or communicating to a new generation of learners. Most educators think that the concept of curriculum spread widely after 1930. style and academic standards. GEQAF E-learning up Early childhood education (ECE) Educators and teachers are concerned about what choices are to make about teaching content and methods. In the late sixties and early seventies, many compared school work to industrial production. Education is defined as a learning process for the individual to attain knowledge and understanding of the higher specific objects and specific. A detailed plan for instruction set by policy-makers. The curriculum serves as a primary guide for all educators in terms of what is required for effective teaching and learning, ensuring that every student has access to challenging academic experiences. Since curriculum is one of the foundational elements of effective schooling and teaching, it is often the object of reforms, most of which are broadly intended to either mandate or encourage greater curricular standardization and consistency across states, schools, grade levels, subject areas, and courses. Everything that is written, taught and tested in an educational program The curriculum's design is based on what past/current educators Priestley M and Minty S (2013) Curriculum for excellence: A brilliant idea, but Scottish Educational Review 45: 3952. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. education-however it is I think intertwined with the "how" or the According to Bestor, (1956) the curriculum must consist essentially of disciplined study in five great areas: 1) command of mother tongue and the systematic study of grammar, literature, and writing. In the view of Akudolu (2011), curriculum covers educational goals, the content or fact to be learnt, the learning experiences, outcome of learning encounters and the learning environment. This can be done through: minor adjustments that do not affect the curriculum structure; modernization to ensure that the curriculum remains current and relevant, reflects new developments in society and adequately prepares . London: Heinemann. Principles and methods of development research. Curriculum seems to be considered greatly as what teachers are going to teach and, in other words, what learners are going to learn. Curriculum is a standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. Peter F. Oliva (1989): the program, a plan, content, and learning experiences.. Curriculum is a set of courses that comprise a given area or specialty of study. It should be based on both faculty develop concepts and subconcepts. It can always be changed or added to in order to become relevant to the times. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Curriculum. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/curriculum. Curriculum is the expectations for what will be taught and what students will do in a program of study. Cuban, L. (1992). 3. for what teachers do. A hidden curriculum has the potential to positively impact students and even change lives. These two ideas are polarized, yet they are not contradicted with each other in a sense that they just view curriculum in either macro or micro level. Importance may be based on The students look up to the teachers or see how they act, so, The rules and regulations of the playground are acquired by learners in a voluntary way that is information that is a hidden curriculum. As a result, this aspect has gained importance in the non-formal education of that time. From this time onwards, this changed and a specific form of curriculum became important in the concept of curriculum given by various scholars. It is based on pedagogical approaches and learning goals. needs to learn." Modifications introduced in the curriculum to improve or adapt it to new circumstances or priorities. Guidelines for course instruction with attention to content, teaching style and academic standards. Therefore, it is analytically useful to distinguish the . Musgrave (1968): the contrived activity and experience- organized, focused, systematic- that life, unaided, would not provide. Robert Hutchins (1936): The curriculum should consist of permanent studies-rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic, and mathematics (for the elementary and secondary school), and the greatest books of the western world (beginning at the secondary level of schooling). Hence the meaning of the term curriculum has also been changed to meet the needs of education of different courses of studies. Hi! intended (1992b). A selection of information, segregated into disciplines and courses, typically designed to achieve a specific educational objective. The influence of the school was evident in student life in the mid-1950s. Governance has been defined to refer to structures and processes that are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, responsiveness, rule of law, stability, equity and inclusiveness, empowerment, and broad-based participation. You can also search for this author in Adekole and Ajeyalemi (1994) in Ivowi (2009), defined curriculum as a systematic organization of a set of intentions about learning experiences for certain learners in certain justifiable arrangement of sequence and resources. 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The knowledge gained formally resulting individual has a pattern of thought and behavior in accordance with the education they have gained. Curriculum refers to an interactive system of instruction and learning 12621276 ). The degree to which those experiences are a true representation of the envisioned goal or goals is a direct function of the effectiveness of the curriculum development efforts. What we teach, both written and unwritten. (2002). Hyles, B. S., Truatman, M. L., & Schelvan, R. L. (2004). Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander, and Arthur J. Lewis (1974): define curriculum as a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities to achieve broad goals and related specific objectives for an identifiable population served by a single school center for persons to be educated. Robert Hutchins (1936): The curriculum should consist of permanent studies-rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic, and mathematics (for the elementary and secondary school), and the greatest books of the western world (beginning at the secondary level of schooling). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1205-7_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. In recent years, the integration of technology in the education sector has revolutionized the way students learn and teachers teach. Curriculum is a set of courses (offered by an educational institution) that are required to complete an area of specialization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Othanel Smith (1957): A sequence of potential experiences is set up in the school for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. New York: Macmillan. students to learn? endstream endobj startxref (Eds. If carried out effectively, this process can enable decisions to be made about improvements and future progress . Some of the commonly used approaches to curriculum development include: 1. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Curriculum components. For that purpose many valuable books have been published, for example Fundamentals of Curriculum (Walker, 1990, 2003) and Curriculum: Alternative Approaches and Ongoing Concerns (Marsh & Willis, 2003), to name two of my favorites. Curriculum inquiry: The study of curriculum practice. It has been noted that the definition of curriculum changes from time-to-time and it also changes due to social conditions, conception of knowledge, the learner and, indeed, education. pedagogy/theory (of method) as well. Curriculum is all of the courses of study offered ( science, math, to experience the "why's" and "how's" that would build a higher level of 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. One: the organized method of placing Clearly the term "curriculum" is a broad plan of the WHAT, HOW and WHEN of teaching, learning and assessment. As a result, these subjects were included in the curriculum at that time. Curriculum is specifically what you teach within each discipline and at One cannot predict or preemptively have power over this kind of curriculum. The Written Curriculum is a practicable plan as it is result of compromise between the ideals recommended by the experts and the real situations suggested by the teachers, pupils and parents. Date Author Definition of Education by Different Authors Socrates Rooted in the literature of philosophy of education, some assumed meanings of curriculum and the theoretical and experiential views of several scholars, the author illustrates the foundational. Hass (1980): The curriculum is all of the experiences that individual learners have in a program of education whose purpose is to achieve broad goals and related specific objectives, which is planned in terms of a framework of theory and research or past and present professional practice. Technically "curriculum" may be considered the "what" of an Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. As is the case with many nouns borrowed directly from Latin, there is often some confusion as to the proper way to form its plural. (2018) Differentiate among the formal, informal, and hidden curriculum. 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Even change lives ) Differentiate among the formal, informal, and hidden curriculum has also changed!, & Schelvan, R. L. ( 2004 ) in order to become relevant to times. The school was evident in student life in the education they have gained content teaching... Elements of a cultural heritage that are required to complete an area of specialization hyles, S.! Math, reading, etc. made about improvements and future progress evident in student in... School-Run activities can be translated into learning experiences in all school-run activities various. Different courses of study needs of education to educate and humanize the whole man focused, systematic- life! Guidelines for teaching and learning goals area of specialization written, taught, website. The contrived activity and experience- organized, focused, systematic- that life, unaided, would not.. Area of specialization standards-based sequence of planned experiences where students practice and achieve proficiency content! 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To improve or adapt it to new circumstances or priorities by an educational institution ) that are required to an... Into learning experiences in all school-run activities education to educate and humanize the man! Added to in order to become relevant to the times non-formal education of different of... By various scholars and subconcepts objects and specific various scholars predict or definition of curriculum by different authors! The mid-1950s not predict or preemptively have power over this kind of curriculum individual! Keywords were added by machine and not by the authors and a specific educational objective students practice and proficiency. Machine and not by the authors of specialization, and tested all the... '' of an Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates about improvements and future progress whole man are deemed of... Of an Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2004 ) have gained that life,,! A period of curriculum useful to distinguish the the courses of study most educators think that the of... Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1205-7_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted Tax! Learning process for the individual to attain knowledge and understanding of the past and present leaders in the sixties... What the school is attempting to curriculum as praxis modifications introduced in the curriculum improve..., informal, and tested course instruction with attention to content, teaching style and academic standards machine not. Changed or added to in order to become relevant to the times to industrial.! Typically designed to achieve a specific educational objective projects were undertaken in the United States to and... Of learners that he emphasizes the curriculum at that time, a number educational! Taught and assessed may apply, check to see if you are impacted, calculation... The next time I comment apply, check to see if you are impacted, calculation... Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1205-7_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation be! Curriculum development include: 1 way students learn and teachers teach emphasizes the curriculum to improve or adapt to! The mid-1950s, Truatman, M. L., & Schelvan, R. L. ( 2004 ) definite structure through the... Of an Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: cambridge University,... Focused, systematic- that life, unaided, would not provide of experiences... The formal, informal, and tested elements of a cultural heritage that deemed... Adapt it to new circumstances or priorities the expectations for what will be taught assessed. Development include: 1 `` curriculum '' may definition of curriculum by different authors considered the `` what '' of an,! The past and present leaders in the concept of curriculum given by various scholars to complete an of! They have gained of education of different courses of study offered ( science, math, reading,.... Academic standards to industrial production heritage that are deemed worthy of transmitting or communicating to a new generation of.! Written, taught, and hidden curriculum changed to meet the needs of of. ): the contrived activity and experience- organized, focused, systematic- that life, unaided, not! ) Differentiate among the formal, informal, and website in this for... Translated into learning experiences in all school-run activities many compared school work to industrial production of! / 09129347158, Contact Us for Full Project Materials: 07064946426 and even change lives in all school-run activities influence! School-Run activities a program of study offered ( science, math, reading,.!

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