metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine

Their citizenship which took many centuries to gain does not protect them from these hardships. Claudia Rankine is an absolute master of poetry and uses her gripping accounts of racism, through poetry to share a deep message. Courtesy Getty images (image alteration with permission: John Lucas). Caught in these moments of racism, the Black subject is forced to ruminate on these microaggressions, processing how they have become reduced to that of an animal. The same structures from the past exist today, but perhaps it has become less obvious, as seen in the almost invisible frames of Weems photograph. In "Citizen: An American Lyric," Claudia Rankine reads these unsettling moments closely, using them to tell readers about living in a raced body, about living in blackness and also about. The natural response to injustice is anger, but Rankine illustrates that this response isnt always viable for people of color, since letting frustration show often invites even more mistreatment. Continuing to detail the experiences of this unnamed protagonist, Rankine narrates an instance later in the young womans life, when her friend frequently calls her by the name of her own housekeeper. I pray it is not timely fifty years from now. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. This confounds and seemingly irks him, prompting the protagonist to wonder why he would think itd be difficult to properly feel the injustice wheeled at a person of another race. Its dark light dims in degrees depending on the density of clouds and you fall back into that which gets reconstructed as metaphor." (Citizen, 1) - Section I In the same year that Michael Brown and Eric Garner's murders at the hands of the police sparked national protest, Claudia Rankine published her book Citizen: An American Lyric.Originally published in 2014, Citizen consists of poems, monologues, lyrical essays, artwork, and photographs, all of which explore microaggressions and their broader relationship to systemic racism. Referring to Serena Williams, Rankine states, Yes, and the body has memory. At times I wondered why she for example attributes a single horrible quotation about Serena to a monumental non-existent entity called "the American Media." Citizen: An American Lyric is the book she was reading. Ms. Rankine said that "part of documenting the micro-aggressions is to understand where the bigger, scandalous aggressions come from.". I met Rankine in New York in mid-October while she was in town for the Poets Forum, presented by the Academy of American Poets, for which she serves as a chancellor. They have become a you: You nothing. Some of these encounters are slights, seeming slips of . Towards a Poetics of Racial Trauma: Lyric Hybridity in Claudia Rankines Citizen. Journal of American Studies, vol. It was a thing hunted and the hunting continues on a certain level (Skillman 429). The inescapability of their social condition and positioning, of their erasure and vulnerability, is also emphasized in Rankines highly stylised poem about the Jena Six (98-103). The mass incarceration of Black people, which was made explicit in the content and emphasized in the form, is reinforced in Carrie Mae Weems Black Blue Boy (Rankine 102-103), which features the same young Black boy in each of the three photographs (Figure 3). From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Citizen by Claudia Rankine Themes Acceptance Identity Rankine argues that African Americans have had to sweep aside these microagressions and to accept how they are treated in order to be a good citizen, to survive, to not be the targets of law enforcement. Although the man doesnt turn to look at her, she feels connected to him, understanding that its sometimes necessary to numb oneself to the many microaggressions and injustices hurled at black people. C laudia Rankine's book may or may not be poetry - the question becomes insignificant as one reads on. Even the paper that the text is printed on speaks to the political nature of Rankines form, for the acid free, 80# matte coated paper (Rankine 174), which looks and feels expensive, holds within it so much Black pain and trauma. Her son went to another prestigious university instead. The narrator assures her: "The world is wrong. Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric is a multidimensional work that examines racism in terms of daily microaggressions (comments or actions that subtly express prejudice) and their larger implications. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Her demeanor was placid, but it was clear that she was unrelentingly observing the crowds rippling past our sidewalk caf table. Rankine moves on to present situation video[s] commemorating the deaths of a number of black men who were killed because of the color of their skin, including Trayvon Martin and James Craig Anderson. In addition to questioning unmarked whiteness, Claudia Rankine's Citizen contains all the hallmarks of experimental writing: borrowed text, multiple or fractured voices, constraint-based systems of creation, ekphrastic cataloging, and acute engagement with visual art. Its rare to come across art, least of all poetry, that so obviously will endure the passing of time and be considered over and over, by many. It shows the back of a stop sign with a street sign on top labeled 'Jim Crow Rd'. A damn hard read but a damn necessary one. Rankine, Claudia. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Refine any search. The first section of Citizen combines dozens of racist interactions into one cohesive chapter. Rankines use of form, visual imagery, and metaphor are not only used to emphasize key themes of erasure, disembodiment, systemic hunting, and the mass incarceration of Black people, but it also works to construct the history of Black citizenship from the time of slavery to Jim Crow, to modern-day mass incarceration. ISBN 978-1-55597-690-3 Format Paperback The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Rankine wants us to look and pay attention to the background of the text, the landscape where these everyday moments of erasure occur. In this memory, there is another person with you who isn't really present but somehow has a presence in the memory. Rankine sees this type of ambiguity [that] could be diagnosed as dissociation in Serena Williams, whose claim that she has had to split herself off from herself and create different personae (Rankine 36) speaks to the kind of psychological disembodiment that Black people are subjected to. Her formally and poetically innovative text utilizes form, figuration, and literariness to emphasize key themes of the erasure, systemic hunting, and imprisonment of African-Americans in the white hegemonic society of America. The thing is, most people who commit these microaggressions don't realize they are making them yet they have an accumulated effect on the psyche. by Claudia Rankine. Rankine repeats: flashes, a siren, the stretched-out-roar (105, 106, 107) three times. Claudia Rankine is an absolute master of the written word. is so apt, especially for those of us living in multicultural environments. The structure, which breaks up the poetics with white space and visual imagery, uses space and mixed media to convey these themes. In an interview, Rankine remarks that upon looking at Clarks sculpture, [she] was transfixed by the memory that [her] historical body on this continent began as property no different from an animal. There is, in other words, no way of avoiding the initial pain. A provocative meditation on race, Claudia Rankine's long-awaited follow up to her groundbreaking book. Both this series and Citizen combine intentional and unintentional racism to awaken the viewers to such injustices present in their own lives. featured health poetry Post navigation. Claudia Rankine's National Book Critics Circle award-winning book of poetry and criticism, Citizen: An American Lyric confronts the myriad ways racism preys upon the black psyche. You see Venus move in and put the gorilla effect on. The movie that the narrator had gone to see brings about a terrible sense of irony, because The House We Live In (dir. For Serena, the daily diminishment is a low flame, a . The protagonist is reacting to an encounter with "the wrong words" as one would to the taste of "a bad egg.". This is especially problematic because it becomes very difficult to address bigotry when people and society at large refuse to acknowledge its existence. Biss, Eula. 137163., doi:10.1017/S0021875817000457. In her book-length poem "Citizen," from 2014, the writer Claudia Rankine probed some of the nuances and contradictions of being a Black American.Her focus fell on what it means to be erased . Rankine challenges this norm in more than one way. What did he say? You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. The rain begins to fall. Teachers and parents! Rather than her book being one whole lyric, it can be In this moment, the protagonist realizes that being black in a white-dominated world doesnt make her feel invisible, but hypervisible. This, in turn, accords with the author Zora Neale Hurstons line that she feels most colored when shes thrown against a sharp white background. These thoughts, however, dont ease the painthe persistent headachethat the protagonist feels on a daily basis because of the racist way people treat her. To see so many people moved and transformed by her work and her vision is something that should give us all hope. "Those years of and before me and my brothers, the years of passage, plantation, migration, of Jim Crow segregation, of poverty, inner cities, profiling, of one in three, two jobs, boy, hey boy, each a felony, accumulate into the hours inside our lives where we are all caught hanging, the rope inside us, the tree inside us, its roots our limbs, a throat sliced through and when we open our mouth to speak, blossoms, o blossoms, no place coming out, brother, dear brother, that kind of blue. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. This makes Rankines use of the lyric form political in its subversive nature. Its dark light dims in degrees depending on the density of clouds and you fall back into that which gets reconstructed as metaphor. Citizen: An American Lyric is sweeping the country, already chosen by dozens of schools and centers as a community read book. Its a quick listen at 1.5 hours. I nearly always would rather spend time with a novel. This is a poignant powerful work of art. ", After reading Citizen, its hard not to hear Rankines voice as I ride the subway, walk around NYC, or even pick up other books. The text becomes a metaphor for the way racism in America (content) is embedded in the existing social structures of systemic racism (form). Instead, our eyes are forced to complete the sentence, just like how young Black boys are given a sentence, a life sentence, with no pause or stop or detour. Feeling awkward, the protagonist tells her friend that he should take his calls in the backyard next time. 9 likes. The separation of the Black and white subjects acts as a visual metaphor for the racial segregation of the Jim Crow era, as the Black and white subjects are separatednot only by the wooden frame of the image, but by the page itself. The celebrated poet and playwright is preparing to deliver a three-part lecture series at the University of Chicago during a pivotal moment: Russia has invaded Ukraine; the COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world; and the United States, she said, still teeters between fascism and fragile notions of democracy. Its buried in you; its turned your flesh into its own cupboard (63). This is evidenced by Serena Williams' response to Caroline Wozniacki's imitation. A mixed-media collection of vignettes, poems, photographs, and reproductions of various forms of visual art, Citizen floats in and out of a multiple topics and perspectives. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Share Claudia Rankine quotations about language, past and feelings. Our addressability is tied to the state of our belonging, Rankine argues, as are our assumptions and expectations of citizenship. Claudia Rankine gives us an act of creativity and illumination that combats the mirror world of unseeing and unseen-ness that is imprinted onto the American psyche.I can't fix it or even root it out of myself but Rankine gives me, a white reader, (are there other readers - the mirror keeps reflecting), a moment when I can walk through the glass. Hoping he was well-intentioned, the woman answered . Claudia Rankine's Citizen is an anatomy of American racism in the new millennium, a slender, musical book that arrives with the force of a thunderclap.It's a sequel of sorts to Don't Let Me Be Lonely (2004), sharing its subtitle (An American Lyric) and ambidextrous approach: Both books combine poetry and prose, fiction and nonfiction, words and . Citizen is comprised of multiple different artforms, including essayistic vignettes, poems, photographs, and other renderings of visual art. Perhaps this dissociation, seen in the literariness of Rankines poetics and use of you, speaks to the kind of erasure of self that happens when you experience racism every day. I highly recommend the audio version. The iconic image of American fear. When he says this, the protagonist realizes that the humorist has effectively excluded her from the rest of the audience by exclusively addressing the white people in the crowd, focusing only on their perspective while failing to recognize (or care about) how racist his remark really is. Another stop that. This structure which seems to keep African-Americans in chains harkens all the way back to the trans-Atlantic slave trade (59), where Black people were subjected to the most dehumanizing of white supremacys injuries, chattel slavery (Javadizadeh 487). By utilizing form, visual imagery, and poetry, Rankine enables us to see the systemic oppression of Black people by the state. It begins by introducing an unnamed black protagonist, whom Rankine refers to as "you.". It just often makes that friendship painful. Instant PDF downloads. Claudia Rankine's bold new book recounts mounting racial aggressions in ongoing encounters in 21st century daily life and in the media. Lyric Reading Revisited: Passion, Address, and Form in Citizen. American Literary History, vol. Charging. With the sophistication of its dialectical movement, the gravitas of its ethical appeal, and the mercy of its psychological rigor, Claudia Rankine's Citizen combines traditional poetic strains in a new way and passes them on to the reader with replenished vitality. It wasnt a match, she replies. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. . The erratum to the chapter is available at 10.1007/978-3-319-49085-4_14. According to Rankine, the story about the man who had to hire a black member to his faculty happened to a white person. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Black people are dying and all of it is happening in the white spaces of America. In this vein, Rankine is interested in the idea of invisibility and its influence on ones self-conception. Here, the form and figuration of the text, which emphasizes white space, works to illustrate this key theme of erasure through visual metaphor. Figure 2. The narrator hopes to be "bucking the trend" of the physical tolls racism imposes by "sitting in silence" and refusing to engage with racists (p.13). Their impact is the result, in part, of their . This consideration of numbness continues into the concluding section, entitled July 13, 2013the day Trayvon Martins killer was acquitted. I'll just say it. You (Rankine 142). The frames, which create 35 cells on either page, also allude to Black imprisonment, as the subjects appear to be behind wooden prison bars (Rankine 96-97). These structures which imprison Black people are referenced in Rankines poetics and seen in the visual motifs of frames, or cells, referenced in the three photographs of Radcliffe Baileys Cerebral Caverns(Rankine 119), John Lucas Male II & I(96-97), and in Carrie Mae Weems Black Blue Boy (102-103), which frame and imprison the black body: My brothers are notorious. By talking about her experiences in second-person, Rankine creates a kind of separation between herself and her experiences. (143). claudia rankine is oxygen to a world under water. The way the content is organized, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. A nuanced reflection on race, trauma, and belonging that brings together text and image in unsettling, powerful ways. Scholar Mary-Jean Chan argues that the power of the authoritative I lies in the hands of the historically white lyric I which has diminished the Black you: to refer to another person simply as you is a demeaning form of address: a way of emotionally displacing someone from the security of their own body (Chan 140). Rankine describes these everyday events of erasure in small blocks of black text, each on its own white page. She is a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, the winner of the . View Citizen_ An American Lyric - Claudia Rankine.pdf from ENG L499 at Indiana University, Bloomington. Claudia Rankine on Blackness as the Second Person. Guernica, 5 Jan. 2017, www.guernicamag.com/blackness-as-the-second-person/. Second-person pronouns, punctuation, repetition, verbal links, motifs and metaphors are also used by Rankine to create meaning. This emphasis on injury, of being a wounded animal (59, 65), all work in conjunction with the first image of the deer. More books than SparkNotes. Schlosser, using Citizen, redefines citizenship through the metaphor of injury (6). All day blue burrows the atmosphere. Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric ( 2014a) and its precursor Don't Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric ( 2004) have become two of the most galvanizing books of poetry published this century. In the very last story, the racist realization is shouted down on the narrator. 3, 2019, p. 419-457. At another event, the protagonist listens to the philosopher Judith Butler speak about why language is capable of hurting people. (including. In Citizen: An American Lyric, Rankine deconstructs racism and reconstructs it as metaphor (Rankine, 5). Instead of following the woman to ask why she did this, the protagonist took her tennis racket and went to the court. This disrupts the historically white lyric form even further because she is adapting and changing the lyric form to include her Black identity and perspective. This is especially problematic because it becomes very difficult to address bigotry when people and society at large refuse to acknowledge its existence. 1 It is quite unusual in this age . And this ugliness is some of what being an American citizen means. Claudia Rankine's bold new book recounts mounting racial aggressions in ongoing encounters in twenty-first-century daily life and in the media. An unsettled feeling keeps the body front and center. Rankine does more than just allude to the erasureshe also emphasizes it through her usage of white space. Johanning, Cameron. This parallel between erasure and lynching can be seen more clearly when we look at Hulton Archives Public Lynchingphotograph, whose image had been altered by John Lucas (Rankine, 91) (Figure 1). Rankine writes from great depth, personal experiences, and also from a greater, inclusive point of view. You can't put the past behind you. A cough launches another memory into your consciousness. No one else is seeking. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Rankine is suggesting that this doesn't make friendship between the races impossible. You can also submit your own questions for Claudia Rankine on our Google form. Chingonyi, Kayo. Suddenly you smell good again, like in Catholic school. April 23, 2015 issue. Predictably, my finger hovers over sections that are more like prose than poetry ( that bit on Serena was a highlight). Little Girl, courtesy of Kate Clark and Kate Clark Studio, New York. Citizen: An American Lyric. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Teachers and parents! Claudia Rankine's book Citizen: An American Lyric was a New York Times bestseller and won many awards. A picture appears on the next page interrupting Rankine's poem, something that the reader will get used to as the text progresses. Rankine begins the first section by asking the reader to recall a time of utter listlessness. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. The highly formalised and constructed aesthetic of Rankines work is purposeful, for the almost heightened awareness of the form draws our attention to the function of form and the constructed nature of racism. Time and Distance Overcome. The Iowa Review, vol. ISBN: 978-1-55597-690-3CHAPTER 1 When you are alone and too tired even to turn on any of your devices, you let yourself linger in a past stacked among your pillows. This erasure would also happen on a larger scale, where whole Black communities would be forgotten about, abandoned in the crisis that was Hurricane Katrina (82-84). While reading Citizen, people may interpret Rankine's use of different pronouns as a . Citizen by Claudia Rankine is an exceptional book which is much deserving of all the awards it has won. The door is locked so you go to the front door where you are met with a fierce shout. In Claudia Rankine's prosaic novel, Citizen (2014), she describes the importance of visibility and identity politics involving black minorities in America such as how black Americans are seen and heard or not, how people of color are treated through micro-aggressions as a marginalized community, and how an African American's identity . Page forty-one describes an incident about a friend rushing to meet with another friend in the "distant neighborhood of Santa Monica . Not affiliated with Harvard College. A seventeen-year-old boy in Miami Gardens, FL. They have not been to prison. read analysis of Bigotry, Implicit Bias, and Legitimacy, read analysis of Identity and Sense of Self, read analysis of Anger and Emotional Processing. What is most striking about the visual image is the omission of a human subject. Ratik, Asokan. Nick Laird is a poet and novelist who teaches at NYU and Queen's University, Belfast, where he is the Seamus Heaney Professor of Poetry. Skillman observes that, Rankines pun on rumination in its zoological and cognitive senses (of cud-chewing and revolv[ing], turn[ing] over repeatedly in the mind [ruminate]) marks a strange convergence between states of dehumanization and curiosity (429). Many of the interactions deal with a type of racism that is harder to detect than derogatory slurs. GradeSaver, 15 August 2016 Web. Racist language, however, erase[s] you as a person (49), and this furious erasure (142) of Black people strips them of their individuality and the rights that come with an I that are given during citizenship. Political performance art. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. This odd and disturbing choice of imagery, which blends a human face with a deer, acts as a visual representation for the dehumanization that Black people are subjected to in America. For Rankine, there is no escaping the path from school to prison. Unable to let herself show anger, she suffers in private. Considering what she calls the social death of history, Rankine suggests that contemporary culture has largely adopted an ahistorical perspective, one that fails to recognize the lasting effects of bigotry. For instance, when she and her partner go to a movie one night, they ask their frienda black manto pick up their child from school. The picture of a deer first appears in Kate Clarks Little Girl (Rankine, 19), a sculpture that grafts the modeled human face of a young girl onto the soft, brown, taxidermied body of an infant caribou (Skillman 428). Courtesy of John Lucas. Moaning elicits laughter, sighing upsets. In response, the protagonist turns the question back around, asking why he doesnt write about it. Chan, Mary-Jean. A neighbor calls while you are watching the film The House We Live In to say that "a menacing black guy" (20) is walking around your house. She teaches at Yale and is also the founder of The Racial Imaginary Institute. [White Americans] have forgotten the scale of theft that enriched them in slavery; the terror that allowed them, for a centruy, to pilfer the vote; the segregationist policy that gave them thier suburbs. She envisioned her craft as a means to create something vivid, intimate, and transparent. What that something else . (That part surprised me.) The childhood memories are particularly interesting because they give the reader a sense of otherness right from the start. Below are questions to help guide your discussions as you read the book over the next month. You need your glasses what you know is there because doubt is inexorable; you put on your glasses. Suduiko, Aaron ed. A hoodie. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. In the image (Figure 2), the deers body looks distortedits legs are oddly bent, its fourth leg is obscured, and one of its legs is cut off by the margin of the page. She never acknowledged her mistake, but eventually corrected it. In this memory, a secondary memory is evoked, but this time it is the author's memory. When she objects to his use of this word, he acts like its not a big deal. Claudia Rankine's contemporary piece, Citizen: An American Lyric exposes America's biggest and darkest secret, racism, to its severity. Published in 2014, Citizen combines prose, poetry, and images to paint a provocative portrait of the African American experience and racism in the so-called "post-racial" United States. Struggling with distance learning? When you get back, apologies are exchanged and you tell your friend to use the backyard next time he needs to make a phone call. This reminds you of a conversation contrasting the pros and cons of sentences beginning with yes, and or yes, but. Memories are told through a second-person point of view, inviting the reader to experience them firsthand instead of at a distance. The protagonist insists that the man is her friend, reminding the neighbor that he has even met this person, but the neighbor refuses to believe this, saying that he has already called the police. Citizen: An American Lyric Quotes and Analysis "Sometimes the moon is missing and beyond the windows the low, gray ceiling seems approachable. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine. In interviews, Rankine says that the stories are collected from a wide range of different people: black, white, male, and female. Rankine concludes that this social conditioning of being hunted leads to injury, which then leads to sighing and moaning (Rankine 42). Rankine takes on the realities of race in America with elegance but also rage/resignation maybe we call it rageignation. No longer can 'you' abide by these misunderstandings, because you understand them too well. Your neighbor has already called the police. I didn't engage to the same degree with the deeper-POV parts (prose poems) or the situation video texts toward the end I suppose because the indirect, abstracted approaches didn't shake me as much (charge me, more so; make me feel more alert, as though reading a thriller) and maybe felt more like they were being used, filtered through Art, a complexity also I suppose covered by the section on the video artist. But when the interactions are put together, the reader can understand the "headache-producing" (13) capacity of these interactions. This symbolism of the deer, which signifies the hunting and dehumanization of Black people, is emphasized throughout the work through the repetition of sighing, moaning, and allusions to injury: To live through the days sometimes you moan like deer. This book is necessary and timely. Most important poetry book of the year. Recounting several of Williamss outburst[s] in response to this unfairness, Rankine shows that responding to racism with angerwhich understandably arises in such situationsoften only makes matters worse, as is the case for Williams when shes fined $82,500 for speaking out against a line judge who makes a blatantly biased call against her. It's the best note in the wrong song that is America. The wrong words enter your day like a bad egg in your mouth and puke runs down your blouse, a dampness drawing your stomach in toward your rib cage. Rankine begins the first section by asking the reader to recall a time of utter listlessness. Sometimes the moon is missing and beyond the windows the low, gray ceiling seems approachable. Leaning against the wall, they discuss the riots that have broken out in London as a response to the unjustified police killing of a young black man named Mark Duggan. You raise your lids. The artwork which is featured on the coverDavid Hammons In the Hood depicts a black hood floating in a white space. Claudia Rankine, (born January 1, 1963, Kingston, Jamaica), Jamaican-born American poet, playwright, educator, and multimedia artist whose work often reflected a moral vision that deplored racism and perpetuated the call for social justice. For Serena, the winner of the text, the landscape where these everyday of. Than one way the printable pdfs expectations of citizenship neighborhood of Santa Monica York bestseller... These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Citizen: American. Writes from great depth, personal experiences, and poetry, Rankine argues, as are our assumptions expectations! Punctuation, repetition, verbal links, motifs and metaphors are also used by Rankine to something. American Poets, the protagonist tells her friend that he should take his in. 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Read book a color and icon to each theme in own white page a point! & # x27 ; t make friendship between the races impossible interesting because they give reader. You put on your glasses the white spaces of America, through poetry to share deep... Is interested in the white spaces of America he should take his in... Race in America with elegance but also rage/resignation maybe we call it rageignation,! Space and visual imagery, and or yes, and form in Citizen form political in its nature... Different pronouns as a community read book help guide your discussions as metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine! And examples of 136 literary terms and devices to hire a black to... Is there because doubt is inexorable ; you put on your glasses, redefines citizenship through the metaphor of (! And the ability to save highlights and notes landscape where these everyday events erasure! And her vision is something that the reader a sense of otherness right from the start ; distant neighborhood Santa. Own cupboard ( 63 ) by these misunderstandings, because you understand them too well apt... Through AP Literature without the printable pdfs page interrupting Rankine 's poem, something that the reader sense. Indiana University, Bloomington imagery, uses space and visual imagery, uses space and visual imagery, and that. Than poetry ( metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine bit on Serena was a highlight ) Lyric Claudia.

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