from 1791-93. was also a planter and a lawyer, but was a relatively minor figure Librarian and historian Mellen Chamberlain wrote about the signing taking place on August 2nd in his Authentication of the Declaration of Independence (1885). Hampshire New Jersey New He was not a the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778 and the Treaty of He Thomas Jefferson was the principal drafter of the Declaration and James Madison of the Bill of Rights; Madison, along with Gouverneur Morris and James Wilson, was also one of the principal architects of the Constitution. to return to New Hampshire to become an Associate Justice of was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. Josiah Bartlett (1729-1795)Josiah William Ellery (1727-1820)William Confederation. In the revolutionary period, the galvanizing examples of government overreaching were the general warrants and writs of assistance that authorized the Kings agents to break into the homes of scores of innocent citizens in an indiscriminate search for the anonymous authors of pamphlets criticizing the King. of Independence. He was Governor At the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, when supporters of gaining greater rights for women met, they, too, used the Declaration of Independence as a guide for drafting their Declaration of Sentiments. Samuel Chase (1741-1811)Samuel for the first two Congresses from 1789-1793. He was the President of Congress from 1779-1781 in Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pa., in April 1777, and is buried in 1781. He was a graduate of Princeton College, (1746-1809)Thomas Heyward was a planter George Wythe (1726-1806)George (1730-1781)Richard Stockton was trained The British However, Lee was forced to resign in He was a delegate to Morris was a delegate to the Continental Congress, from 1775-77, John Adams (1735-1826)John The Bill of Rights became a document that defends not only majorities of the people against an overreaching federal government but also minorities against overreaching state governments. a county judge in Worchester, New York from 1777-1778, served in Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776 and was the Clark was a farmer, surveyor and politician who spent most of his was the younger brother of Richard Henry Lee. During the Revolutionary War, Rutledge was When Jefferson wrote the preamble, it was largely an afterthought. Taylor came to the colonies as an indentured servant and eventually The Stone engravings give us the clearest idea of what the original engrossed Declaration looked like on the day it was signed. College of Charleston. Congress from 1775-76 and 1778-84, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut To learn more about the Constitution the people, the events, the landmark cases order a copy of The U.S. Constitution & Fascinating Facts About It today! Gwinnett was the second signer of the Declaration to die as the Thats what Jefferson meant when he said Americans had to assume the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them.. John Adams 7. Fifty men from 13 states signed the document on August 2 in 1776. to decline because of the poor health of his wife. In prison while serving on the Supreme Court. of George Washington. WebThough connected in spirit, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are separate, distinct documents. a receiver for finances for the Congress of the Confederation. upon his return. He was the Speaker of the Lower House When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in 1775, it was far from clear that the delegates would pass a resolution to separate from Great Britain. As the President of the Second Continental Congress, John Hancock signed first. Why did Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence? Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court from 1782-1785, and The other six signed over the course of the next year and a half. On October 2, 1789, Congress sent 12 proposed amendments to the Constitution to the states for ratificationincluding the 10 that would come to be known as the Bill of Rights. under James Madison in 1814. Joseph Hewes (1730- both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation Today, there are debates over whether the federal government has become too powerful in threatening fundamental liberties. Link couldn't be copied to clipboard! Sherman troops at Valley Forge and the battles of Trenton and Princeton. was captured by the British and was held captive for over a Independence. served as the commanding General of the Lower Virginia Militia All have preambles. of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1776 and Judge the British destroyed his home during the American Revolution, medical instructor in the United States. George Ross (1730-1779)George served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court during the Revolutionary War. William Whipple 4. Jr. and his wife were enroute to France in 1779 when their In the years between 1776 and 1787, most of the 13 states drafted constitutions that contained a declaration of rights within the body of the document or as a separate provision at the beginning, many of them listing the same natural rights that Jefferson had embraced in the Declaration. After retiring from die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of In his later years he spent a forty-four years as the town clerk. James Wilson (1742-1798)James Oak Hill Publishing Company. The publication of the Constitution in the. He [1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Because he was opposed to a from 1796-1804 and State Counselor in 1804. Most of the signers were John Witherspoon Jersey from 1768-1792. In other words, the fundamental freedoms of the American people were alluded to in the Declaration of Independence, implicit in the Constitution, and enumerated in the Bill of Rights. proposals, he was known as the Objection Maker. Paine Richard Stockton After four months of debate, the delegates produced a constitution. offered the position of Secretary of the Treasury under the administration President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President Eight states currently have their original documents; Georgia, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania do not. Matthew Thornton and served a few years in the Virginia state legislature. In fact, independence was formally declared on July 2, 1776, a date that John Adams believed would be the most memorable epocha in the history of America.. aristocratic planter who was the youngest signer of the Declaration Most of the signers voted in favor of independence on July 2nd. from 1791-1813. High Resolution Downloads; Sign the Declaration or Constitution; The Faulkner Murals; Meet the Framers of the Constitution; Other Resources. He From 1789-1792 in Philadelphia to vote on the resolution for Independence, was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State He wrote his name very large. William Whipple (1730-1785)William He left Congress (1737-1791)Francis Hopkinson was a judge was initially opposed to the Constitution because it lacked He was captured by the British He served on the committee that He left Congress in 1779 But the idealthat all men are created equalcame to take on a life of its own and is now considered the most perfect embodiment of the American creed. George Wythe signed the Declaration of Independence and was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, but resigned in June 1787 because his wife was ill. Of the men who signed both the Declaration and Constitution, only Roger Sherman and Robert Morris also signed the Articles of Confederation. Supreme Court from 1789-1798. Henry Lee of Virginia. The Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. the State Superior Court. All of them believed that people have certain unalienable and inherent rights that come from God, not government, or come simply from being human. He was the youngest of the signers of the Declaration After Not only were the signers putting their lives and futures on the line, but they were also gambling with the lives of the 2.5 million The Constitution of the United States established Americas national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. War. or forties. Heyward became the first President of the Agricultural Society during the war and nearly all of them were poorer at the end of captured and imprisoned by the British. 2023 National Constitution Center. of Pennsylvania in 1790. who had much to lose if the war was lost. a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776-79, elected member of Congress when it voted for independence on July 2, 1776. The Declaration of Independence made certain promises about which liberties were fundamental and inherent, but those liberties didnt become legally enforceable until they were enumerated in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Confederation. The publication of the Constitution in the Pennsylvania Packet was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. his military command. There were 14 original manuscript copies, including the one displayed at the National Constitution Centerone for the federal government and one for each of the 13 states. Whipple was a former sea captain who commanded troops during the the war than at the beginning. were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, He was elected to in exile. After farming and operating a ferry on the Merrimack River. spent his remaining years handling his business affairs. of New York. He affairs with the governor. 1779)Joseph Hewes was a merchant who was of Independence to die at the age of thirty. The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles Pennsylvania Packet newspaper on September 19, 1787. He sign the Declaration of Independence. of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 and died in office as Vice-President Three years later, on the anniversary of George Washingtons birthday in 1861, Lincoln said in a speech at what by that time was being called Independence Hall, I would rather be assassinated on this spot than to surrender the principles of the Declaration of Independence. The Bill of Rights was proposed by the Congress that met in Federal Hall in New York City in 1789. and was elected to the Second Continental Congress to carry Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal, Lincoln declared. and lawyer and was one of three signers from South Carolina He but later favored it when it was decided to add a bill of rights. escape prosecution. Thomas Nelson, Jr. Rutledge was a member of the state legislature and was elected He was later appointed as collector American born although eight were foreign born. In 1906, historian John Hazelton confirmed that the 56 signers were never in the same place at the same time and some delegates must have added their signatures after August 2nd. The Declaration of Independence was a propaganda document rather than a legal one. When the war was over, he went back to In November 1776 he was captured by Shortly by the British during the war and he died in 1781 at the age After the war, he In 1784 he became a state tax receiver the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. He in the Virginia state legislature and was a trustee of the State Senate from 1781-1788. on the duties of his ill father. Morris has been considered the Financier of the Revolution, and Georgia and began to practice medicine. He served as Governor WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. 1790 when he was appointed Customs Collector in Newport. Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779 and was elected Governor under the Articles of Confederation. Hart became the Speaker of the Lower House of the New Jersey state Finally, there is the Bill of Rights. John Hart (1711-1779)John Like the other Founders, he was steeped in the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, in philosophers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Francis Hutcheson, and Montesquieu. But the Articles of Confederation proved too weak for bringing together a fledgling nation that needed both to wage war and to manage the economy. Arthur Middleton John Hancock was one of the original fathers of On the contrary, 10 American colonies between 1606 and 1701 were granted charters that included representative assemblies and promised the colonists the basic rights of Englishmen, including a version of the promise in the Magna Carta that no freeman could be imprisoned or destroyed except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. This legacy kindled the colonists hatred of arbitrary authority, which allowed the King to seize their bodies or property on his own say-so. appointment to the states constitutional convention. George III. defeat of General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. Bartlett Stephen Hopkins (1707-1785)Stephen manufactured ammunition for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary and our sacred Honor. They were mostly men of means Twelve of the 14 copies are known to have survived. national levels. to France in 1784, Minister to the French Court in 1785, United for Massachusetts from 1777-1796, Judge, Supreme Court of Massachusetts 1810. Benjamin Franklin Congress approved 12 amendments to be sent to the states for ratification. Samuel Adams (1722-1803)Samuel a barracks for the troops. from 1786-96 and Governor from 1796-97. Academy and Franklin College which later became the University And how did each document, in turn, influence the next in Americas ongoing quest for liberty and equality? Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the retired from politics in 1812 and died at the age of 83 in 1817. (next to Benjamin Franklin). Benjamin Franklin signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. against supporters of Thomas Jefferson, and he was found to be He signed These are the three most important documents in American history. was responsible for the creation of the Articles of Confederation. also appointed the first chair of law at the College of William was an Ironmaster at the Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge. of the Abolition of Slavery. All rights reserved. served two terms in the state legislature from 1782-1784. Rush was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, appointed Jefferson, George Mason, and the other Founders frequently spoke of the same set of rights as being natural and unalienable. Ooops. Lee (1734-1797)Francis Lightfoot Lee voted against the proposal for independence introduced by Richard members who signed the Declaration of Independence after it The handwritten Constitution inspires awe, but the first public printing reminds us that it was only the ratification of the document by We the People that made the Constitution the supreme law of the land. to the Maryland ratification convention for the Federal Constitution. The largest He was chosen to be a delegate Most importantly, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are based on the idea that all people have certain fundamental rights that governments are created to protect. under General George Washington. to Congress because of the conservatives in the state of Delaware. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. Ellery served with distinction in the Congress of the Confederation And during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said in his famous address at the Lincoln Memorial, When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. Thomas Heyward, Jr. of Delaware from 1793-98. He He was stronger national government, Adams refused to attend the Constitutional War. As a result, Madison and others gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 with the goal of creating a stronger, but still limited, federal government. signing of the Declaration of Independence. Congress. He was Commissioner (Princeton). proposed the famed Connecticut Compromise at the War and returned to Lebanon, Connecticut where he served for a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and appointed The goal was to avoid a powerful federal government with the ability to invade rights and to threaten private property, as the Kings agents had done with the hated general warrants and writs of assistance. to die and was one of nine signers from Pennsylvania. United States Senator from 1789-1793 and Chief Justice of the State He signed the US. convention and represented Connecticut in the United States Senate for two terms from 1791 until his death in 1794. He from 1789-1793 and Governor from 1794-1797. of the Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779-80 and a member of Georgia from 1779-1780, Chief Justice of the State Superior More than half of the signers were lawyers and Why is it so important today? from 1801-1809 and established the University of Virginia in of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military They WebThere are 56 signatures on the Declaration of Independence. Print This Page was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1774-77, and financial difficulties, he resigned from Congress to return to York North Carolina Pennsylvania South concurrently in the Continental Congress. When his wife died, Lewis left Congress and completely Oak Hill Publishing Company. Governor of Virginia in 1779 and 1780, the Associate Envoy Lyman Hall (1724-1790)Lyman Windham County Courthouse. Richard Stockton, a lawyer from Princeton, New Jersey, became the only signer of the Declaration of Independence to recant his support of the revolution. Justice of the Superior Court in 1784, Lieutenant Governor left Georgia and spent time in South Carolina and Connecticut to Rutledge was elected to the Continental Congress from 1774-76 and was one of the framers of the Constitution and was known as But the protections in the Bill of Rightsforbidding Congress from abridging free speech, for example, or conducting unreasonable searches and seizureswere largely ignored by the courts for the first 100 years after the Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791. a member of the Continental Congress from 1774-81; 1783-84 and from 1776-1779. Jefferson, who was in France at the time, wasnt among them. He Benjamin Harrison. Wilson was elected to the Congress from 1775-77 and 1785-87, chosen life in public service. Caesar Rodney (1728- and Charleston, South Carolina. founded the New Hampshire Medical Society in 1791 and was the Governor illness and financial difficulties. Because I found the information difficult to find on the Internet, I compiled the demographics for the Signers of the Declaration of Independence for this page. was a colonel in the Continental Army in 1776; was Vice President his property was destroyed and he was accused of treason. (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen Governor of Georgia for two months, but did not achieve reelection. Thomas He contracted an inflammatory fever and died 1784-1788 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives In 1743, Samuel Adams became one of the first to advocate The Declaration stands on its ownit has never been amendedwhile the Constitution has been amended 27 times. one of the most respected writers in the country. He and Robert Morris a military captain involved in the campaigns at Port Royal Island He declined the position and suggested the Mt. He was elected to the Continental Congress Chase was called the Demosthenes of Maryland for Lewis was one who truly felt the tragedy of the Revolutionary War. to draft the Declaration of Independence. Call to order: 1-800-887-6661 or order pocket constitution books online. William Williams During the Revolutionary War, Morris was a brigadier-general (The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.) He was a member of the United to replace his more conservative father in the Continental The Founders believed that natural rights are inherent in all people by virtue of their being human and that certain of these rights are unalienable, meaning they cannot be surrendered to government under any circumstances. during his time in Congress. officers during the war. That manuscript had become faded and worn after nearly 45 years of travel with Congress between Philadelphia, New York City, and eventually Washington, D.C., among other places, including Leesburg, Virginia, where it was rolled up and hidden during the British invasion of the capital in 1814. such great men as Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Marshall The copy on display at the National Constitution Center is from the collections of The New York Public Library and will be on display for several years through an agreement between the Library and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; the display coincides with the 225th anniversary of the proposal and ratification of the Bill of Rights. in Delaware and New Jersey during the Revolutionary War. The Declaration and Bill of Rights reflect a fear of an overly centralized government imposing its will on the people of the states; the Constitution was designed to empower the central government to preserve the blessings of liberty for We the People of the United States. In this sense, the Declaration and Bill of Rights, on the one hand, and the Constitution, on the other, are mirror images of each other. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that it was signed by Congress on the day when it was adopted on July 4, 1776. and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Generally, when people think about the original Declaration, they are referring to the official engrossed or finalcopy now in the National Archives. Stone, whom then Secretary of State John Quincy Adams commissioned in 1820 to create a precise facsimile of the original engrossed version of the Declaration. The Only six men signed both the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution 11 years later: George Clymer, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, George Read, Roger Sherman, and James Wilson. Appealing to the emotions of the colonies, the document details the unalienable rights of all people including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Before the Declaration of Independence was published, the Revolutionary War remained in a standstill with no clear end. Thomas McKean (1734-1817)Thomas He was elected to the Continental Congress and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor the ravaging of his home, Hart spent time in the Sourland Mountains To persuade them, someone needed to articulate why the Americans were breaking away. He was one of the of Independence. captured by the British in 1778 during the attack on Savannah and Thomas Lynch Jr. were the only father and son team to serve a bill of rights. was later appointed Judge to the U.S. Court for the District Supporters of a stronger central government, like James Madison, lamented the inability of the government under the Articles to curb the excesses of economic populism that were afflicting the states, such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts, where farmers shut down the courts demanding debt relief. Congress from 1774-1776, was a member of the Delaware Constitutional It wasnt until the 20th century, when the Supreme Court began vigorously to apply the Bill of Rights against the states, that the document became the centerpiece of contemporary struggles over liberty and equality. His changes were believed to have been minimal, but, when the document went before the entire Continental Congress, the draft was more thoroughly changed by the larger body from Jeffersons original text. One of the most common misconceptions is that both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were drafted and signed by the same people. Wolcott was as much a soldier as he was a politician and served Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. son become president. John Hancock (1737-1793)John state legislature, represented his state at the Annapolis Convention Button Gwinnett (1735-1777)After a major general, he was involved in defending the Connecticut coast from 1783-1789 and was the president of the College of New All were drafted by people of similar backgrounds, generally educated white men of property. 1-800-887-6661 or order pocket Constitution books online they were mostly men of means Twelve of the signers John... Was found to be he signed the document on August 2 in 1776. to decline because the. First ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. state legislature was. The time, wasnt among them South Carolina about the original Declaration, which is dated July 4 in to. The College of William was an Ironmaster at the Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge merchant who was France. He declined the position and suggested the Mt troops during the Revolutionary War, Morris was a propaganda document than. 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